Limiting current density as a selectivity factor in electrodialysis of multi-ionic mixtures

Zimmermann, Pauline; Tekinalp, Önder; Solberg, Simon Birger Byremo; Wilhelmsen, Øivind; Deng, Liyuan; Burheim, Odne Stokke

doi:10.1016/j.desal.2023.116613

Cited by 27 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…However, boundary layer separation is also useful in the equivalent converse case, where the target ion is present in a very dilute concentration compared to the competing counter-ions. By operating electrodialysis at the limiting current density for the target ion, equivalent to Figure 8 b, when Cation 2 is the target ion, the percentage removal (and, hence, the selectivity) is considerably higher for Cation 2 compared to Cation 1 [ 7 ].…”

Section: Theory and Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The established model suggests that the maximum selectivity for Na + over Ca 2+ was reached close to the limiting value of the Na + ion flux. Zimmermann et al [ 7 ] exploited this concept for separating monovalent from divalent ions with monovalent selective IEMs, where operating electrodialysis according to the limiting current density of the target ion yielded greater selectivity compared to working at higher or lower currents.…”

Section: Impact Of Process Parameters On Metal Ion Selectivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These boundary-layer effects are reported to be more pronounced at higher applied current densities, resulting in a reduced transport of ions with a low initial concentration. Consequently, when competing counter-ions exist in different concentrations, the current density can control the selectivity between counter-ions, as proven by Zimmermann et al [ 7 ]. The membrane selectivity decreases when the diluate concentration falls below a certain threshold [ 171 , 202 ], which can be attributed to the loss of ionic strength in the solution and boundary layer, causing high resistance and shifting kinetic control from the membrane matrix to the boundary layer, in a similar way as for increasing current density.…”

Section: Impact Of Process Parameters On Metal Ion Selectivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cation exchange membranes (CEMs), on the other hand, are separation membranes that continue attracting considerable attention to treat metal-contaminated water, particularly in technologies involving electrodialysis [ 5 ]. Electrodialysis can offer numerous advantages compared to conventional technologies, such as excellent selective recovery, treatment of dilute concentrations of targeted ions, and a more environmentally friendly operation [ 6 , 7 ]. Unlike other membrane processes that primarily focus on water purification, electrodialysis targets more mineral recovery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cation Exchange Membranes and Process Optimizations in Electrodialysis for Selective Metal Separation: A Review

et al. 2023

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The selective separation of metal species from various sources is highly desirable in applications such as hydrometallurgy, water treatment, and energy production but also challenging. Monovalent cation exchange membranes (CEMs) show a great potential to selectively separate one metal ion over others of the same or different valences from various effluents in electrodialysis. Selectivity among metal cations is influenced by both the inherent properties of membranes and the design and operating conditions of the electrodialysis process. The research progress and recent advances in membrane development and the implication of the electrodialysis systems on counter-ion selectivity are extensively reviewed in this work, focusing on both structure–property relationships of CEM materials and influences of process conditions and mass transport characteristics of target ions. Key membrane properties, such as charge density, water uptake, and polymer morphology, and strategies for enhancing ion selectivity are discussed. The implications of the boundary layer at the membrane surface are elucidated, where differences in the mass transport of ions at interfaces can be exploited to manipulate the transport ratio of competing counter-ions. Based on the progress, possible future R&D directions are also proposed.

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Section: Theory and Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Impact Of Process Parameters On Metal Ion Selectivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Impact Of Process Parameters On Metal Ion Selectivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cation Exchange Membranes and Process Optimizations in Electrodialysis for Selective Metal Separation: A Review

et al. 2023

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“…According to Equation (1), palladium exists in this medium in its tetra-or hexachloric complex as a divalent anion. The high ratio of chloride and hydrogen ions to palladium ions compromises the current efficiency of the process significantly, as the available ions contribute to the charge transfer in the electrodialysis cell according to their concentration and mobility in the membranes [18,37]. Furthermore, the water transport through the membranes counteracts the increase in concentration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Palladium Recovery Rates in Industrial Residual Solutions through Electrodialysis

Zimmermann,

Tekinalp,

Wilhelmsen

et al. 2023

Membranes

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Palladium is a vital commodity in the industry. To guarantee a stable supply in the future, it is imperative to adopt more effective recycling practices. In this proof-of-concept study, we explore the potential of electrodialysis to enhance the palladium concentration in a residual solution of palladium recycling, thus promoting higher recovery rates. Experiments were conducted using an industrial hydrochloric acid solution containing around 1000 mg/L of palladium, with a pH below 1. Two sets of membranes, Selemion AMVN/CMVN and Fujifilm Type 12 AEM/CEM, were tested at two current levels. The Fujifilm membranes, which are designed for low permeability of water, show promising results, recovering around 40% of palladium within a two-hour timeframe. The Selemion membranes were inefficient due to excessive water transport. All membranes accumulated palladium in their structures. Anion-exchange membranes showed higher palladium accumulation at lower currents, while cation-exchange membranes exhibited increased palladium accumulation at higher currents. Owing to the low concentration of palladium and the presence of abundant competing ions, the current efficiency remained below 2%. Our findings indicate a strong potential for augmenting the palladium stage in industrial draw solutions through electrodialysis, emphasizing the importance of membrane properties and process parameters to ensure a viable process. Beyond the prominent criteria of high permselectivity and low resistance, minimizing the permeability of water within IEMs remains a key challenge to mitigating the efficiency loss associated with uncontrolled mixing of the electrolyte solution.

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Selective recovery of silver from copper impurities by electrodialysis: Tailoring monovalent selective cation exchange membranes by monomolecular layer deposition

Tekinalp,

Zimmermann,

Birger Byremo Solberg

et al. 2023

Chemical Engineering Journal

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Limiting current density as a selectivity factor in electrodialysis of multi-ionic mixtures

Cited by 27 publications

References 57 publications

Cation Exchange Membranes and Process Optimizations in Electrodialysis for Selective Metal Separation: A Review

Cation Exchange Membranes and Process Optimizations in Electrodialysis for Selective Metal Separation: A Review

Enhancing Palladium Recovery Rates in Industrial Residual Solutions through Electrodialysis

Selective recovery of silver from copper impurities by electrodialysis: Tailoring monovalent selective cation exchange membranes by monomolecular layer deposition

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