Limiting the priming dose of a SARS CoV-2 vaccine improves virus-specific immunity

Abstract

Since late 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic that has infected 128 million people worldwide. Although several vaccine candidates have received emergency use authorization (EUA), there are still a limited number of vaccine doses available. To increase the number of vaccinated individuals, there are ongoing discussions about administering partial vaccine doses, but there is still a paucity of data on how vaccine fractionation affects vaccine-elicited immunity. We performed studies in mice to understand how the priming dose of a SARS CoV-2 vaccine affects long-term immunity to SARS CoV-2. We first primed C57BL/6 mice with an adenovirus-based vaccine encoding SARS CoV-2 spike protein (Ad5-SARS-2 spike), similar to that used in the CanSino and Sputnik V vaccines. This prime was administered either at a low dose (LD) of 106 PFU or at a standard dose (SD) of 109 PFU, followed by a SD boost in all mice four weeks later. As expected, the LD prime induced lower immune responses relative to the SD prime. However, the LD prime elicited immune responses that were qualitatively superior, and upon boosting, mice that were initially primed with a LD exhibited significantly more potent immune responses. Overall, these data demonstrate that limiting the priming dose of a SARS CoV-2 vaccine may confer unexpected benefits. These findings may be useful for improving vaccine availability and for rational vaccine design.

Analysis of host immunological response of adenovirus-based COVID-19 vaccines

“…Model predictions suggest quantitative differences in neutralizing antibody and cytotoxic T-cell responses stimulated by the vaccine administration by an SD or LD boost 4 to 20 weeks post priming, see Figure 4. Good agreement is observed with [2, 40] in that the immune responses following the adenovirus vaccination show dose-dependency. By Comparing the SD/SD and SD/LD regimens, we find that larger second doses leads to the more stimulated antibodies and cytotoxic T cells.…”

“…Model predictions suggest quantitative differences in neutralizing antibody and cytotoxic T-cell responses stimulated by the vaccine administration by an SD or LD boost 4 to 20 weeks post priming, see Figure 4. Good agreement is observed with [2,40] in that the immune responses ≈ 0.6 γ a 0.5 ≤ P RCC < 0.6 α 73 0.8 < P RCC < 0.9 γ v 0.8 < P RCC < 0.9 γ t ≈ 0.7 C (CTL) µ 21 0.6 < P RCC < 0.7 µ 32 0.6 < P RCC < 0.7…”

“…Recent studies have explored scenarios for reduced vaccine-dose size, to consider if vaccine supply is scarce. In [40] the authors studied the effects of reducing the prime dose of a SARS-CoV2 adenovirus-based vaccine in a mouse model. Their in-vivo experiments demonstrated that mice initially primed with a low dose (LD) vaccine significantly exhibited a higher level of the immune response.…”

Analysis of Host Immunological Response of Adenovirus-Based COVID-19 Vaccines

“…Recent studies have explored scenarios for reduced vaccine dose size, to consider if vaccine supply is scarce. In [ 40 ] the authors studied the effects of reducing the prime dose of a SARS-CoV-2 adenovirus-based vaccine in a mouse model. Their in vivo experiments demonstrated that mice initially primed with a low-dose (LD) vaccine significantly exhibited a higher level of the immune response.…”