Limits to the determination of the nonlinear refractive index by the Z-scan method

Nalda, R. de; Coso, R. del; Requejo-Isidro, José; Olivares, J.; Suárez-Garcı́a, A.; Solı́s, J.; Afonso, Carmen N.

doi:10.1364/josab.19.000289

Cited by 104 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Narrow pulse width and low repetition rate, combined with sufficiently low input peak irradiance, are ideal parameters for avoiding such risks. [22] In THG, once the sample is irradiated with a monochromatic optical beam at frequency w, a beam at frequency 3 w and one at frequency w, both dependent on the third-order polarization, are generated. These two signals interfere inside the material to produce the so-called Maker fringes when the sample is rotated.…”

Section: Experimental Techniques: a Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non‐Resonant z‐Scan Characterization of the Third‐Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Conjugated Poly(thiophene azines)

et al. 2008

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The nonlinear optical properties of a functionalized poly(thiophene azine), namely, poly(3,4-didodecylthiophene azine), PAZ, at the optical telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm are investigated by means of the closed-aperture z-scan technique in both thin films and solutions. Values of chi((3))=(2.4+/-0.4)x10(-13) esu, n(2)=(4.0+/-0.7)x10(-15) cm(2) W(-1), and gamma=(4.5+/-0.7)x10(-34) esu are estimated for the third-order (Kerr) susceptibility, the intensity-dependent refractive index, and the molecular second hyperpolarizability of solution samples, respectively. A very small dependence on the polymer chain length is found. Markedly higher values of (4.4+/-1.1)x10(-11) esu, (6.6+/-1.0)x10(-13) cm(2) W(-1), and (5.0+/-0.8)x10(-33) esu are measured for the corresponding quantities in thick (up to 20 mum) polymer films cast on quartz plates. The enhancement of the NLO responses on going from solution to solid samples is attributed to a partially ordered structure and to the presence of interchain interactions leading to greater pi-electron delocalization in the cast polymer films. The results are compared with those previously obtained by using third-harmonic generation (THG), taking into account that those data were measured under conditions of three-photon resonance, whereas our z-scan measurements are fully off-resonance.

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Section: Experimental Techniques: a Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non‐Resonant z‐Scan Characterization of the Third‐Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Conjugated Poly(thiophene azines)

et al. 2008

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“…Due to these thermal effects, the sample behaves as an optical lens, which might lead to an overestimation of nonlinear parameters obtained by the Z-scan method. With our measurements conditions and considering a thermal diffusion coefficient of D ~ 0.55 cm 2 /s for InN [16] these thermal effects could affect to the measurements for laser repetition rates above ~1 MHz [17]. However, it must be pointed out that the obtained nonlinear absorption corresponds to the expected behavior of the analyzed samples in a telecommunication application under high repetition rates.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nonlinear absorption of InN/InGaN multiple-quantum-well structures at optical telecommunication wavelengths

Naranjo

Kandaswamy

Valdueza-Felip

et al. 2011

Applied Physics Letters

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We report on the nonlinear optical absorption of InN/InxGa1−xN (x=0.8,0.9) multiple-quantum-well structures characterized at 1.55 μm by the Z-scan method in order to obtain the effective nonlinear absorption coefficient (α2) of the samples at high repetition rate. Saturable absorption is observed for the sample with x=0.9, with an effective α2∼−9×103 cm/GW for the studied optical regime. For lower In content in the barrier, reverse saturable absorption is observed, which is attributed to two-photon absorption.

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“…Liao et al have also invoked thermal effects to explain the discrepancies observed between different pulse temporal regimes [103]. Furthermore, several authors have demonstrated the involvement of thermal lens in the value of (3) χ , stemming from cumulative thermal effects generated at high pulse repetition rates [104][105][106][107]. We are thus led to define the thermo-optical contribution to the nonlinear refraction and absorption coefficients, th γ and th β .…”

Section: Application To the Nonlinear Response: Thermal Lens Contribumentioning

confidence: 99%

Gold nanoparticle assemblies: interplay between thermal effects and optical response

et al. 2008

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The optical response of materials based on gold nanoparticle assemblies depends on many parameters regarding both material morphology and light excitation characteristics. In this paper, the interplay between the optical and thermal responses of such media is particularly investigated under its theoretical aspect. Both conventional and original modeling approaches are presented and applied to concrete cases. We first show how the interaction of light with matrix-embedded gold nanoparticles can result in the generation of thermal excitations through different energy exchange mechanisms. We then describe how thermal processes can affect the optical response of a nanoparticle assembly. Finally, we connect both aspects and point out their involvement in the nonlinear optical response of nanocomposite media. This allows us to tackle two key issues in the field of third-order nonlinear properties of gold nanoparticles: The influence of the generalized thermal lens in the long laser pulse regime and the hot electron contribution to the gold particle intrinsic third-order susceptibility, including its spectral dispersion and intensity-dependence. Additionally, we demonstrate the possible significant influence of the heat carrier ballistic regime and phonon rarefaction in the cooling dynamics of an embedded gold nanoparticle subsequent to ultrafast pulsed laser excitation.

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Limits to the determination of the nonlinear refractive index by the Z-scan method

Cited by 104 publications

References 48 publications

Non‐Resonant z‐Scan Characterization of the Third‐Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Conjugated Poly(thiophene azines)

Non‐Resonant z‐Scan Characterization of the Third‐Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Conjugated Poly(thiophene azines)

Nonlinear absorption of InN/InGaN multiple-quantum-well structures at optical telecommunication wavelengths

Gold nanoparticle assemblies: interplay between thermal effects and optical response

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