“…*P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001. within one population are very similar in terms of shell size and patterning . However, across several different populations, the variability of these parameters seems to be high (Neumann, 1960;Kangas and Skoog, 1978;Zettler et al, 2004;Symanowski and Hildebrandt, 2010;Wiesenthal et al, 2018), although some mitochondrial marker genes have very similar sequences (Bunje, 2005;Bunje and Lindberg, 2007). Thus, to date it is unclear whether the differences in shell size and patterning may be explained by genetic variation (local adaptation) or by phenotypic or developmental plasticity (Glöer and Pešic, 2015).…”