Lineament mapping for a part of the Central Sulaiman Fold–Thrust Belt (SFTB), Pakistan

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the lineaments using the field data and a remote sensing approach, to describe their relationship with the folds, faults, and regional tectonic stress of the central Sulaiman Fold-Thrust Belt. Joint data, from nine anticlines, has been collected using the scanline method and classified into three sets (JS1, JS2, and JS3) based on their geometrical relationships. Lineaments extracted from the 30 m digital elevation model have been classified subsequently into three lineament sets (LS1, LS2, and LS3) based on the azimuths from the corresponding joint sets. A very high correlation coefficient (rs = 0.97), between the azimuths of the field joints and the remotely sensed lineaments, has been observed which validates that the lineaments are the regional representation of the local field joints. The geometrical relationship of the lineament sets with the fold hinges indicates that the older LS1 and LS2 are strongly related to the regional folding episode, while the younger LS3 is a result of local shears. The chronological interpretation of the deformational events responsible for the lineament sets is constrained by the presence of the Kingri Fault, which induces a strike-slip component within the study area. Furthermore, the controls on the joint and lineament sets, established using multivariate statistics to decipher the effects of lithological and structural contrasts on the lineament density, reveal that an increase in the lineament density can be attributed to the competence and thickness of the rock units as well as the variable local stresses across the different folds. Based on the orientations of these lineament sets, the cumulative direction of the compressive event in the NW-SE direction (310–320) coincides with the regional stress direction of the SFTB.

Digital elevation model‐based lineament analysis of the Zindapir anticline, Sulaiman fold‐and‐thrust belt, Pakistan

“…The DEM technique is used for structural analysis (Chenrai, 2012;Karaca et al, 2021;Wajid et al, 2021), and hydrologic modelling (Edet et al, 1998;Ludwig & Schneider, 2006) 2). The structure is located along the mountain front and is considered active based on the linear seismicity with shallow thrust faults and the prevalence of focal mechanism along the anticline (Reynolds et al, 2015).…”

“…Owing to their role as facilitators or barriers to fluid flow, the knowledge of the presence, orientation, density and aperture of fractures is important for petroleum geoscientists. Notably, in previous studies, fractures were analysed at varying scales and using different techniques, for example, outcrop studies (Awdal, 2022; Awdal et al, 2013), borehole image analysis (Jadoon et al, 2005) and digital elevation modelling (DEM) (Chenrai, 2012; Mehr Alizadeh, 2008; Wajid et al, 2021).…”

“…In this study, we used DEM and shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) data to identify and analyse the lineaments of the bedding and fractures of the Zindapir anticline. Several previous studies used DEM data for geological investigations, for example, for geohazard and geomorphological (Falorni et al, 2005; Gorokhovich & Voustianiouk, 2006; Karaca et al, 2021; Wajid et al, 2021), hydrological‐modelling (Ludwig & Schneider, 2006), and structural studies (Toudeshki, 2010).…”

Integrating remote sensing and aeromagnetic data for lithological and structural lineaments mapping in Abu Ghaylan - Kiklah - Tighrinna, northwest Libya

“…7). The principle of cross-cutting relationships was used as the foundation for the analysis and interpretation of these lineaments [28,29].…”

Lineament Geomorphologic Analysis to Identify Fault in Mount Semeru, East Java

“…The lineament phenomenon reflects areas of discontinuity in rocks, such as cracks, joints, and faults, which are morphologically part of developing hill valleys (Owolabi et al, 2021;Supriatno et al, 2017). Lineament is also often referred to as a phenomenon that is linear or curved at surface weak points via remote sensing Lineament Geomorphologic Analysis to Identify Fault in Mount Semeru, East Java Dian Pratiwi Malik 1,2* , Sukir Maryanto 1,2 , Alamsyah Mohammad Juwono 2 technology (Greg Hall, 2011;Wajid et al, 2021) on an earth surface object interpreted via remote sensing technology or aerial photography. Remote sensing is often used to detect fault movement (Saint Jean Patrick Coulibaly et al, 2021;Viveen et al, 2021).…”