Linear confinement in the partially-deconfined phase

Gautam, Vaibhav; Hanada, Masanori; Holden, Jack; Rinaldi, Enrico

doi:10.1007/jhep03(2023)195

J. High Energ. Phys.

2023

DOI: 10.1007/jhep03(2023)195

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Linear confinement in the partially-deconfined phase

Vaibhav Gautam

Masanori Hanada

Jack Holden

et al.

Abstract: We consider the partially-deconfined saddle of large-N pure Yang-Mills theory lying between confined and deconfined phases, in which the color degrees of freedom split into confined and deconfined sectors. Based on the microscopic mechanism of deconfinement, we argue that a flux tube is formed in the confined sector and a linear confinement potential is generated. The string tension should not depend on the size of the confined sector. We provide evidence for the case of the finite-temperature strong-coupling … Show more

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2024

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Cited by 3 publications

References 34 publications

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Color confinement and random matrices. A random walk down group manifold toward Casimir scaling

Bergner,

Gautam,

Hanada

2024

J. High Energ. Phys.

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We explain the microscopic origin of linear confinement potential with the Casimir scaling in generic confining gauge theories. In the low-temperature regime of confining gauge theories such as QCD, Polyakov lines are slowly varying Haar random modulo exponentially small corrections with respect to the inverse temperature, as shown by one of the authors (M. H.) and Watanabe. With exact Haar randomness, computation of the two-point correlator of Polyakov loops reduces to the problem of random walk on group manifold. Linear confinement potential with approximate Casimir scaling except at short distances follows naturally from slowly varying Haar randomness. With exponentially small corrections to Haar randomness, string breaking and loss of Casimir scaling at long distance follow. Hence we obtain the Casimir scaling which is only approximate and holds only at intermediate distance, which is precisely needed to explain the results of lattice simulations. For (1 + 1)-dimensional theories, there is a simplification that admits the Casimir scaling at short distances as well.

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Color confinement and random matrices. A random walk down group manifold toward Casimir scaling

Bergner,

Gautam,

Hanada

2024

J. High Energ. Phys.

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On Thermal Transition in QCD

Hanada,

Watanabe

2024

Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics

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We describe how the general mechanism of partial deconfinement applies to large-N QCD and the partially-deconfined phase inevitably appears between completely-confined and completely-deconfined phases. Furthermore, we propose how the partial deconfinement can be observed in the real-world QCD with the SU(3) gauge group. For this purpose, we employ lattice configurations obtained by the WHOT-QCD collaboration and examine our proposal numerically. In the discussion, the Polyakov loop plays a crucial role in characterizing the phases, without relying on center symmetry, and hence, we clarify the meaning of the Polyakov loop in QCD at large N and finite N. Both at large N and finite N, the complete confinement is characterized by the Haar-random distribution of the Polyakov line phases. Haar-randomness, which is stronger than unbroken center symmetry, indicates that Polyakov loops in any nontrivial representations have vanishing expectation values, and deviation from the Haar-random distribution at higher temperatures is quantified with the loops. We discuss that the transitions separating the partially-deconfined phase are characterized by the behaviors of Polyakov loops in various representations. The lattice QCD data provide us with the signals exhibiting two different characteristic temperatures: deconfinement of the fundamental representation and deconfinement of higher representations. As a nontrivial test for our proposal, we also investigate the relation between partial deconfinement and instanton condensation and confirm the consistency with the lattice data. To make the presentation more easily accessible, we provide a detailed review of the previously known aspects of partial deconfinement.

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Partial confinement in a quantum-link simulator

Tang,

Zhu,

Luo

et al. 2024

Phys. Rev. A

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Linear confinement in the partially-deconfined phase

Cited by 3 publications

References 34 publications

Color confinement and random matrices. A random walk down group manifold toward Casimir scaling

Color confinement and random matrices. A random walk down group manifold toward Casimir scaling

On Thermal Transition in QCD

Partial confinement in a quantum-link simulator

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