Linear Growth and Fat and Lean Tissue Gain during Childhood: Associations with Cardiometabolic and Cognitive Outcomes in Adolescent Indian Children

Krishnaveni, Ghattu V.; Veena, Sargoor R.; Srinivasan, Krishnamachari; Osmond, Clive; Fall, Caroline H.D.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143231

Cited by 27 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…To our knowledge, no other cohort studies have examined the associations of directly assessed FM and FFM accretion during infancy with BC and cardiometabolic risk markers in early childhood. Using a 3-way conditional growth analysis of weight, height, and skinfolds to approximate fat and lean tissue gain in discrete age intervals from birth to 13.5 years, Krishnaveni et al [33] found that faster fat accretion from 5 to 9.5 years predicted higher fat percentage, waist–hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, insulin, and HOMA-IR at 13.5 years, but they reported no associations of fat or lean tissue at birth and growth over the periods 0–1 and 1–2 years with later BC or any of the studied cardiometabolic outcomes. In a small observational study, Koontz et al [48] found that accelerated FM accretion from 0 to 8 months of age was associated with an 8-fold increase in the odds of overweight/obesity at 9 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of fat mass and fat-free mass accretion in infancy with body composition and cardiometabolic risk markers at 5 years: The Ethiopian iABC birth cohort study

et al. 2019

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Background Accelerated growth in early childhood is an established risk factor for later obesity and cardiometabolic disease, but the relative importance of fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) accretion is not well understood. We aimed to study how FM and FFM at birth and their accretion during infancy were associated with body composition and cardiometabolic risk markers at 5 years. Methods and findings Healthy children born at term were enrolled in the Infant Anthropometry and Body Composition (iABC) birth cohort between December 2008 and October 2012 at Jimma University Specialized Hospital in the city of Jimma, Ethiopia. FM and FFM were assessed using air displacement plethysmography a median of 6 times between birth and 6 months of age. In 507 children, we estimated individual FM and FFM at birth and their accretion over 0–3 and 3–6 months of age using linear-spline mixed-effects modelling. We analysed associations of FM and FFM at birth and their accretion in infancy with height, waist circumference, FM, FFM, and cardiometabolic risk markers at 5 years using multiple linear regression analysis. A total of 340 children were studied at the 5-year follow-up (mean age: 60.0 months; girls: 50.3%; mean wealth index: 45.5 out of 100; breastfeeding status at 4.5 to 6 months post-partum: 12.5% exclusive, 21.4% almost exclusive, 60.6% predominant, 5.5% partial/none). Higher FM accretion in infancy was associated with higher FM and waist circumference at 5 years. For instance, 100-g/month higher FM accretion in the periods 0–3 and 3–6 months was associated with 339 g (95% CI: 243–435 g, p < 0.001) and 367 g (95% CI: 250–484 g, p < 0.001) greater FM at 5 years, respectively. Higher FM at birth and FM accretion from 0 to 3 months were associated with higher FFM and cholesterol concentrations at 5 years. Associations for cholesterol were strongest for low-density lipoprotein (LDL)–cholesterol, and remained significant after adjusting for current FM. A 100-g higher FM at birth and 100-g/month higher FM accretion from 0 to 3 months were associated with 0.16 mmol/l (95% CI: 0.05–0.26 mmol/l, p = 0.005) and 0.06 mmol/l (95% CI: 0.01–0.12 mmol/l, p = 0.016) higher LDL-cholesterol at 5 years, respectively. Higher FFM at birth and FFM accretion in infancy were associated with higher FM, FFM, waist circumference, and height at 5 years. For instance, 100-g/month higher FFM accretion in the periods 0–3 and 3–6 months was associated with 1,002 g (95% CI: 815–1,189 g, p < 0.001) and 624 g (95% CI: 419–829 g, p < 0.001) greater FFM at 5 years, respectively. We found no associations of FM and FFM growth with any of the other studied cardiometabolic markers including glucose, HbA1c, insulin, C-peptide, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, and blood pressure. Non-attendance at the 5-year follow-up visit was the main limitation of this study...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of fat mass and fat-free mass accretion in infancy with body composition and cardiometabolic risk markers at 5 years: The Ethiopian iABC birth cohort study

et al. 2019

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“…However, we acknowledge that conditional relative weight gain cannot differentiate between lean and fat gain. Very few birth cohorts have longitudinal measurements of lean and fat tissue through childhood, but recent data from a younger South Indian cohort has shown that the adipose component of childhood weight gain contributes most strongly to associations of weight gain with CVD risk markers 18 . A limitation of the study was cohort attrition, mainly because of deaths and out-migrations; of the original 10 691 live singleton births, we studied 1878 (18%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weight Gain and Height Growth during Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence as Predictors of Adult Cardiovascular Risk

Antonisamy

Vasan

Geethanjali

et al. 2017

The Journal of Pediatrics

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ObjectivesTo investigate independent relationships of childhood linear growth (height gain) and relative weight gain to adult cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk traits in Asian Indians.Study designData from 2218 adults from the Vellore Birth Cohort were examined for associations of cross-sectional height and body mass index (BMI) and longitudinal growth (independent conditional measures of height and weight gain) in infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood with adult waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]), and plasma glucose and lipid concentrations.ResultsHigher BMI/greater conditional relative weight gain at all ages was associated with higher adult WC, after 3 months with higher adult BP, HOMA-IR, and lipids, and after 15 years with higher glucose concentrations. Taller adult height was associated with higher WC (men β = 2.32 cm per SD, women β = 1.63, both P < .001), BP (men β = 2.10 mm Hg per SD, women β = 1.21, both P ≤ .001), and HOMA-IR (men β = 0.08 log units per SD, women β = 0.12, both P ≤ .05) but lower glucose concentrations (women β = −0.03 log mmol/L per SD P = .003). Greater height or height gain at all earlier ages were associated with higher adult CVD risk traits. These positive associations were attenuated when adjusted for adult BMI and height. Shorter length and lower BMI at birth were associated with higher glucose concentration in women.ConclusionsGreater height or weight gain relative to height during childhood or adolescence was associated with a more adverse adult CVD risk marker profile, and this was mostly attributable to larger adult size.

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“…With respect to growth in childhood, school achievement and IQ are associated more strongly with early than with later growth in childhood. 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 In contrast, Krishnaveni et al 27 did not observe an association between linear growth in childhood and early adolescence and IQ in adolescence. Most of these studies relied on weight gain as the exposure variable, and until recently there was no attempt to disentangle the consequences of weight gain from those of linear growth.…”

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confidence: 88%

Associations of Linear Growth and Relative Weight Gain in Early Life with Human Capital at 30 Years of Age

Horta

Victora

Mola

et al. 2017

The Journal of Pediatrics

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ObjectiveTo assess the associations of birthweight, nutritional status and growth in childhood with IQ, years of schooling, and monthly income at 30 years of age.Study designIn 1982, the 5 maternity hospitals in Pelotas, Brazil, were visited daily and 5914 live births were identified. At 30 years of age, 3701 subjects were interviewed. IQ, years of schooling, and income were measured.ResultsOn average, their IQ was 98 points, they had 11.4 years of schooling, and the mean income was 1593 reais. After controlling for several confounders, birthweight and attained weight and length/height for age at 2 and 4 years of age were associated positively with IQ, years of years of schooling, and income, except for the association between length at 2 years of age and income. Conditional growth analyses were used to disentangle linear growth from relative weight gain. Conditional length at 2 years of age ≥1 SD score above the expected value, compared with ≥1 SD below the expected, was associated with an increase in IQ (4.28 points; 95% CI, 2.66-5.90), years of schooling (1.58 years; 95% CI, 1.08-2.08), and monthly income (303 Brazilian reais; 95% CI, 44-563). Relative weight gain, above what would be expected from linear growth, was not associated with the outcomes.ConclusionIn a middle-income setting, promotion of linear growth in the first 1000 days of life is likely to increase adult IQ, years of schooling, and income. Weight gain in excess of what is expected from linear growth does not seem to improve human capital.

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Linear Growth and Fat and Lean Tissue Gain during Childhood: Associations with Cardiometabolic and Cognitive Outcomes in Adolescent Indian Children

Cited by 27 publications

References 30 publications

Associations of fat mass and fat-free mass accretion in infancy with body composition and cardiometabolic risk markers at 5 years: The Ethiopian iABC birth cohort study

Associations of fat mass and fat-free mass accretion in infancy with body composition and cardiometabolic risk markers at 5 years: The Ethiopian iABC birth cohort study

Weight Gain and Height Growth during Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence as Predictors of Adult Cardiovascular Risk

Associations of Linear Growth and Relative Weight Gain in Early Life with Human Capital at 30 Years of Age

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