“…Especially in certain developing and developed countries, including China, Japan, and Germany, high-speed railways are regarded as the core of transportation development because they provide passengers with a fast and convenient way of travel ( Kang et al., 2018 ; Li et al., 2019 ; Liu et al., 2019a , 2019b ). As the speed of trains, the number of passengers carried, and the volume of goods increase, the health monitoring of the railway system plays an increasingly important role ( Asada et al., 2013 ; Oukhellou et al., 2008 ; Entezami et al., 2016 ). In general, the condition monitoring of the railway system is divided into line-side monitoring ( Li et al., 2021 ; Yüksel et al., 2018 ; Leone et al., 2016 ; Alexakis et al., 2019 ) and on-board monitoring ( Bernal et al., 2018 ; Grudén et al., 2009 ).…”