words & expressions (2011) at 94. Ijtihad or informed reasoning, is reasoning carried out by a Muslim based on his knowledge of the Qur'an and teachings of the Prophet (PBUH), in a manner not specified by either. 3 Kamali MH "Ijtihād, or personal reasoning" Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence (1991) at 366. See, in particular, Codd A "A critical analysis of the role of Ijtihad in legal reforms in the Muslim world" (1999) 14 (2) Arab Law Quarterly 112 at 115.