Link between Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease Due to the Shared Amyloid Aggregation and Deposition Involving Both Neurodegenerative Changes and Neurovascular Damages

Abstract

Diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease are two highly prevalent diseases among the aging population and have become major public health concerns in the 21st century, with a significant risk to each other. Both of these diseases are increasingly recognized to be multifactorial conditions. The terms “diabetes type 3” or “brain diabetes” have been proposed in recent years to provide a complete view of the potential common pathogenic mechanisms between these diseases. While insulin resistance or deficiency remains the salient hallmarks of diabetes, cognitive decline and non-cognitive abnormalities such as impairments in visuospatial function, attention, cognitive flexibility, and psychomotor speed are also present. Furthermore, amyloid aggregation and deposition may also be drivers for diabetes pathology. Here, we offer a brief appraisal of social impact and economic burden of these chronic diseases and provide insight into amyloidogenesis through considering recent advances of amyloid-β aggregates on diabetes pathology and islet amyloid polypeptide on Alzheimer’s disease. Exploring the detailed knowledge of molecular interaction between these two amyloidogenic proteins opens new opportunities for therapies and biomarker development.

Effects of maternal immune activation in porcine transcript isoforms of neuropeptide and receptor genes

“…The detection of MIA associations with the previously enumerated transcript isoforms agrees with findings on behavior disorders, including reports that HCRT regulates sleep, feeding behavior, wakefulness, emotion, and stress response [41]. Similarly, RLN3 influences feeding behavior, stress responses, anxiety and memory [84], and AVP is a regulator of social behavior [85,86]. IGF1 has been associated with autism spectrum disorder symptoms [87][88][89], with IGF1-treatment proposed as an autism therapeutic intervention [88].…”

Relevance of Biomarkers Currently in Use or Research for Practical Diagnosis Approach of Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis

“…SAA, an apo-lipoprotein synthesized by the liver, is an acute phase reactant extensively studied in various acute pathologies in adults (cardiac, renal, degenerative disorders) [ 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 ]. Its levels rise early during the inflammatory response up to 1000 times higher than the baseline serum values but are significantly influenced by the patient’s hepatic function and nutritional status.…”

microRNA-Based Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)

“…Alzheimer's disease neuropathology encompasses several interrelated features: (i) the progressive disorganization and dropout of neocortical synapses that involve loss of selective synaptic components, synaptic atrophy, "pruning" and synaptic loss; (ii) neuronal atrophy, cytoarchitectural deficits and neurite retraction and degeneration, neuronal cell death and loss of inter-neuronal communication; (iii) the progressive deposition and accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides and other insoluble end-stage oxidized lipoproteins into dense, pro-inflammatory senile plaque (SP) aggregates; (iv) the accumulation and aggregation of hyper-phosphorylated tau proteins into neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) that disrupt the normal neural cell cytoarchitecture; (v) neurovascular pathology; (vi) dysfunctional autophagy; (vii) progressive inflammatory neurodegeneration and anatomical targeting of specific anatomical regions of the brain and primarily the association neocortex and hippocampal CA1 regions; (viii) alterations in the innate-immune response and other immunological biomarkers; (ix) changes in the gastrointestinal tract (GI-tract) microbiome; (x) dysfunction and alterations in the glymphatic system of the CNS; (xi) multiple functional associations with diet, obesity, metabolic disease and diabetes; and (xii) blood lipoprotein composition and blood type (Lukiw et al, 1992;Lukiw, 2007;Cogswell et al, 2008;Lukiw, 2013a,b;Praticò, 2013;Hampel and Lista, 2013;Kim et al, 2014;Sherva et al, 2014;Canobbio et al, 2015;De Marco and Venneri, 2015;Jin et al, 2015;Verhülsdonk et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2015;Zhao et al, 2015;Blennow and Zetterberg, 2018;Hampel et al, 2018a,b,c;Arvanitakis et al, 2019;von Arnim et al, 2019;Cole and Seabrook, 2020;Dumurgier and Tzourio, 2020;Hampel et al, 2020a,b;Khoury and Grossberg, 2020;Lewczuk et al, 2020;McGurran et al, 2020;Rodriguez and Lachmann, 2020;Rossini et al, 2020;Stanciu et al, 2020;…”