Linking Accelerated Laboratory Test with Outdoor Performance Results for a Model Epoxy Coating System

Gu, Xiaohong; Stanley, Debbie; Byrd, Walter E.; Dickens, Brian; Vaca-Trigo, Iliana; Meeker, William Q.; Nguyen, Tinh; Chin, Jik; Martin, Jonathan W.

doi:10.1007/978-0-387-84876-1_1

Cited by 39 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…3. Replicates agreed well 3 if exposed simultaneously and in some cases less well if exposed at different times, suggesting that some systematic error, possibly in the measurement of lamp intensity, remains to be found.…”

Section: Data Processingmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…3 The preparation of the epoxy specimens and the experimental procedure and equipment have been extensively documented by Gu et al 3 and will not be repeated here because they are not germane to the linking process this paper describes. The raw data from the SPHERE exposures include specimen infrared (IR) spectra as a damage metric, filter transmission spectra and lamp spectra to allow calculation of dose (energy incident on the specimen), and specimen UV-visible spectra to allow calculation of the dosage (energy absorbed by the specimen).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Model-free estimation of outdoor performance of a model epoxy coating system using accelerated test laboratory data

Dickens

2009

J Coat Technol Res

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Laboratory and field exposure results for thin transparent films of a model epoxy coating system have been successfully linked using both dosage and dose, assuming only that the additivity law and the reciprocity law are valid. This paper describes the technique used in the linkage step. Laboratory exposures were carried out on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Simulated Photodegradation by High Energy Radiant Exposures (SPHERE) using a factorial design of four temperatures, four relative humidities, four ultraviolet-visible ranges, and four neutral density filters. Similar specimens were exposed on the roof of a NIST laboratory in Gaithersburg, MD. The temperature and relative humidity of the outdoor exposures and the solar spectrum were used to characterize the roof environment at 12 min intervals. Chemical degradation of all specimens was followed by transmission Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra. Dose, the radiation incident on the specimens, was estimated from lamp and filter spectra for the SPHERE exposures and from the solar spectra for outdoor exposures. Specimen UV-visible absorbance spectra were used with the estimates of dose to give estimates of dosage-the energy absorbed by the specimens. Using filter ranges for the SPHERE data allowed estimation of relative degradation efficiency over the range of the solar spectrum. This was used implicitly by the computer program to estimate the degradation in specimens exposed outdoors. The paper describes a model-free heuristic approach that automatically predicts chemical degradation outdoors using the outdoor environment parameters and the SPHERE laboratory data. That both dose and dosage are equally valid methods of successfully predicting outdoor degradation may be a consequence of all the films being approximately the same thickness (about 6 lm).Keywords Accelerated service life test, Model-free exposure prediction, Computerized service life estimation procedure, NIST SPHERE, Model-free computer estimation of service life

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Section: Data Processingmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Model-free estimation of outdoor performance of a model epoxy coating system using accelerated test laboratory data

Dickens

2009

J Coat Technol Res

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“…This SPHERE UV chamber utilizes a mercury arc lamp system that produces a collimated and highly uniform UV flux of approximately 140 W/m 2 in the UVB and UVA (295 nm to 400 nm) range, which is the most detrimental range on polymer degradation. Although the spectrum of this light source contains some radiation having wavelength in the visible range (Figure S2), previous studies [43, 44] on wavelength effect indicated that the degradation of epoxy caused by radiation > 400 nm is very small (<1 % of UVB region). In addition, previous results from our laboratory have shown similar degradation mechanisms for multiple experimental conditions between epoxy samples degraded in the NIST SPHERE and in the outdoor environment [43].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of UV irradiation on multiwall carbon nanotubes in nanocomposites: Formation of entangled surface layer and mechanisms of release resistance

Nguyen

Petersen

Pellegrin

et al. 2017

Carbon

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Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are nanofillers used in consumer and structural polymeric products to enhance a variety of properties. Under weathering, the polymer matrix will degrade and the nanofillers may be released from the products potentially impacting ecological or human health. In this study, we investigated the degradation of a 0.72 % (by mass) MWCNT/amine-cured epoxy nanocomposite irradiated with high intensity ultraviolet (UV) light at various doses, the effects of UV exposure on the surface accumulation and potential release of MWCNTs, and possible mechanisms for the release resistance of the MWCNT surface layer formed on nanocomposites by UV irradiation. Irradiated samples were characterized for chemical degradation, mass loss, surface morphological changes, and MWCNT release using a variety of analytical techniques. Under 295 nm to 400 nm UV radiation up to a dose of 4865 MJ/m2, the nanocomposite matrix underwent photodegradation, resulting in formation of a dense, entangled MWCNT network structure on the surface. However, no MWCNT release was detected, even at very high UV doses, suggesting that the MWCNT surface layer formed from UV irradiation of polymer nanocomposites resist release. Four possible release resistance mechanisms of the UV-induced MWCNT surface layer are presented and discussed.

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“…Infrared spectroscopy was also employed by Gu et al [55] in a research study on degradation of an epoxy coating system due to ultra violet radiation exposure. Two groups of epoxy specimens were aged in the laboratory and field separately.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A connection between field and laboratory test results was made using two procedures by Gu et al [55]. The first procedure was a relatively simple method in which no sophisticated mathematical model was employed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Factors Affecting the Continuing Performance of Firefighters’ Protective Clothing: A Literature Review

Rezazadeh

Torvi

2010

Fire Technol

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There has been some research into the level of damage and changes to important properties of firefighters' protective clothing after exposure to conditions such as elevated temperature and ultra violet radiation. However, at this time, the results are not comprehensive enough to develop a standard procedure to estimate the remaining useful life of firefighters' protective clothing. There is also a need to develop non-destructive techniques to evaluate clothing, for most tests used to evaluate properties of clothing are destructive, and visual cues cannot completely assess the level of deterioration of the properties of thermal protective fabrics. In this paper, major factors that affect the continuing performance of firefighters' protective clothing and their effects on the service life of the clothing are reviewed. Some nondestructive methods which have been employed in different studies to evaluate the degradation of physical properties of firefighters' protective clothing are also described, along with statistical and probabilistic methods for estimating the useful life of materials. Suggestions for future research, which will assist fire departments in determining the level of damage to clothing, and estimating its remaining useful life are also discussed.

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Linking Accelerated Laboratory Test with Outdoor Performance Results for a Model Epoxy Coating System

Cited by 39 publications

References 18 publications

Model-free estimation of outdoor performance of a model epoxy coating system using accelerated test laboratory data

Model-free estimation of outdoor performance of a model epoxy coating system using accelerated test laboratory data

Impact of UV irradiation on multiwall carbon nanotubes in nanocomposites: Formation of entangled surface layer and mechanisms of release resistance

Assessment of Factors Affecting the Continuing Performance of Firefighters’ Protective Clothing: A Literature Review

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