2017
DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2017.1412925
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Linking green militarization and critical military studies

Abstract: The precipitous increase in commercial poaching across parts of Africa has been met by progressively more militarized responses. Amounting to green militarization, we now see national armies, increasingly paramilitarized rangers, military tactics, and even sophisticated military technology used to address the problem. Scholarly investigations on the topic have largely been approached from a political ecology perspective and hence have not made connections with the equally relevant field of critical military st… Show more

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Cited by 37 publications
(27 citation statements)
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“…For example, militarised conservation tactics in specific contexts in South Africa often resemble apartheid-era counterinsurgency practices, where efforts to win the support of local people also coincide with tactics of intimidation and use of violence. These tactics also currently extend into Mozambique, and include: the development of informant networks, co-option and development of cultures of mistrust within communities ( Annecke and Masubele, 2016 ; Lunstrum, 2015 ; Massé et al, 2017a , Massé et al, 2017b ); raiding and invading people's homes in operations to uncover evidence of wildlife crimes ( Ramutsindela, 2016 ; Massé et al, 2017a ; Büscher, 2018 ); and active displacement of communities for conservation ( Massé and Lunstrum, 2016 ; Witter and Satterfield, 2018 ). More forceful approaches to conservation can also be accompanied by new incentive schemes, such as the provision of game meat to schools and water reticulation programmes.…”
Section: Focusing On the Symptoms Not The Root Causes Of Poachingmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…For example, militarised conservation tactics in specific contexts in South Africa often resemble apartheid-era counterinsurgency practices, where efforts to win the support of local people also coincide with tactics of intimidation and use of violence. These tactics also currently extend into Mozambique, and include: the development of informant networks, co-option and development of cultures of mistrust within communities ( Annecke and Masubele, 2016 ; Lunstrum, 2015 ; Massé et al, 2017a , Massé et al, 2017b ); raiding and invading people's homes in operations to uncover evidence of wildlife crimes ( Ramutsindela, 2016 ; Massé et al, 2017a ; Büscher, 2018 ); and active displacement of communities for conservation ( Massé and Lunstrum, 2016 ; Witter and Satterfield, 2018 ). More forceful approaches to conservation can also be accompanied by new incentive schemes, such as the provision of game meat to schools and water reticulation programmes.…”
Section: Focusing On the Symptoms Not The Root Causes Of Poachingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…There is a debate in conservation about whether it can or should address poverty and inequality; this is important because efforts to address these problems underpin ‘hearts and minds’ approaches. However, these approaches are then systematically undermined by practices of intimidation, violence and surveillance which can be part and parcel of militarisation ( Massé and Lunstrum, 2016 ; Massé et al, 2017a ; Ramutsindela, 2016 ). As discussed in more depth below, addressing inequalities and ensuring that conservation does not exacerbate them is necessary to tackle the underlying causes of poaching in the longer term (see for example Cooney et al, 2017 ; Haas and Ferreira, 2018 ; Hübschle, 2017 ; Hübschle and Shearing, 2018 ; Duffy et al, 2016 ; Duffy et al, 2015 ).…”
Section: Focusing On the Symptoms Not The Root Causes Of Poachingmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Militarism and militarization are paradoxical, though; for example, alongside popular support for the UK armed forces, we see ongoing recruitment difficulties and waning support for the idea of overseas military intervention. A wealth of recent scholarship seeking to define and explain the causes and consequences of militarism and militarization has burgeoned across disciplines as diverse as international relations (Stavrianakis and Selby 2012), human geography (Woodward 2005;Rech et al 2015), feminist studies (Enloe 2000;Stern and Zalewski 2009;Mohanty 2011;Åhäll 2016;Wibben 2018) criminology (Kraska 2007;Salter 2014;Evans 2017), sociology (Shaw 1991;Martino 2012;McSorley 2012) and, of most relevance to the current article, CMS (Enloe 2015;Agathangelou 2017;Massé, Lunstrum, and Holterman 2017). Broadening and deepening formulations of militarism derived from earlier literatures (Liebknecht and Sirnis 1972), allied work has identified the spatially and temporally diffuse character of militarization (Hyde 2016) that can play out at the level of everyday commodities (Turse 2008;Jackson 2017) and assume both subtle and hidden forms (Giroux 2004;Kallender and Hughes 2018).…”
Section: Context and Concepts: Militarism And Militarizationmentioning
confidence: 99%