“…Yet a few assessments exist for the open-ocean (e.g., Graham et al (2014)) indicating that CES are not generated solely by human interaction with physical space and its natural processes, but also by people's mental space with its symbolic and interpretative interactions, formed by perceptions, emotions, attitudes, values and understandings of a given natural setting (Chan et al 2012a, Chan et al 2012b, Gee and Burkhard 2010, Kumar and Kumar 2008. In this sense, even if one has never visited or interacted with openocean or deep-sea habitats, such areas could be valuable and meaningful to peoplehaving existence and/or bequest value -generating CES benefits to wellbeing such as inspiration, knowledge, or spirituality through photographs, books, documentaries, paintings, exhibitions, or even scientific publications.…”