“…Nonetheless, empirical attempts to delineate and measure the connections between different types of migration (Bohra & Massey, 2009;Creighton, 2013;Panichella, 2018) are sparse. Furthermore, intra-European migration studies offering insightful perspectives (Bernard & Perales, 2022;Bernard & Vidal, 2023) often depend on datasets focusing on European cohorts born between 1950 and 1965. These datasets do not fully reflect the transformed realities of the Schengen Area, such as its broader geographic reach, the adoption of the euro, the standardization of educational systems, and the emergence of international mobility initiatives like the ERASMUS program (King, 2018).…”