“…In line with recent literature (Alan et al , 2014; Shockley and Turner, 2015) and following the original idea of Eroglu and Hofer (2011), there are three major inventory measurement methodologies: absolute measures including average inventory levels and maximum inventory levels (Shockley and Turner, 2015); standardized measures referring to inventory turnover and its variants, such as days of inventory (Koumanakos, 2008), inventory scaled by sales (Capkun et al , 2009), gross margin return on inventory (Alan et al , 2014; Shockley and Turner, 2015), and sales-to-inventory ratio (Mishra et al , 2013); and complex measures, such as empirical leanness indicator (ELI) (Eroglu and Hofer, 2011) and adjust inventory turnover (Alan et al , 2014), estimated by regression analysis.…”