Linking macrotrends and microrates: Re-evaluating microevolutionary support for Cope's rule

Gotanda, Kiyoko M.; Correa, Cristián; Turcotte, Martin M.; Rolshausen, Gregor; Hendry, Andrew P.

doi:10.1111/evo.12653

Cited by 37 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 95 publications

(155 reference statements)

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“…All things considered, our results do not contradict the finding that there is little detectable selective advantage of size increase in contemporary populations (Gotanda et al. ). However, they do suggest that any microevolutionary processes cannot easily be extrapolated to macroevolutionary patterns without knowing more about detailed selective and/or “passive” mechanisms of evolution at different time scales.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Cope's Rule in a modular organism: Directional evolution without an overarching macroevolutionary trend

Liow

Taylor

2019

Evolution

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Cope's Rule describes increasing body size in evolutionary lineages through geological time. This pattern has been documented in unitary organisms but does it also apply to module size in colonial organisms? We address this question using 1169 cheilostome bryozoans ranging through the entire 150 million years of their evolutionary history. The temporal pattern evident in cheilostomes as a whole shows no overall change in zooid (module) size. However, individual subclades show size increases: within a genus, younger species often have larger zooids than older species. Analyses of (paleo)latitudinal shifts show that this pattern cannot be explained by latitudinal effects (Bergmann's Rule) coupled with younger species occupying higher latitudes than older species (an “out of the tropics” hypothesis). While it is plausible that size increase was linked to the advantages of large zooids in feeding, competition for trophic resources and living space, other proposed mechanisms for Cope's Rule in unitary organisms are either inapplicable to cheilostome zooid size or cannot be evaluated. Patterns and mechanisms in colonial organisms cannot and should not be extrapolated from the better‐studied unitary organisms. And even if macroevolution simply comprises repeated rounds of microevolution, evolutionary processes occurring within lineages are not always detectable from macroevolutionary patterns.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Cope's Rule in a modular organism: Directional evolution without an overarching macroevolutionary trend

Liow

Taylor

2019

Evolution

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“…Using generalized linear mixed-effect models (GLMMs), in an information-theoretic framework to enforce parsimony and acknowledge model uncertainty, we analyzed a modified and georeferenced version of a database of rates of phenotypic change that has been developed over two decades (5,(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). After a series of quality filters, we retained for analyses 89 studies targeting 155 species, 175 study systems, and >1,600 rates of phenotypic change ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We improved an existing database on rates of phenotypic change (5,(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). We added new data published up to August of 2015.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global urban signatures of phenotypic change in animal and plant populations

Alberti

Correa

Marzluff

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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404

312

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Humans challenge the phenotypic, genetic, and cultural makeup of species by affecting the fitness landscapes on which they evolve. Recent studies show that cities might play a major role in contemporary evolution by accelerating phenotypic changes in wildlife, including animals, plants, fungi, and other organisms. Many studies of ecoevolutionary change have focused on anthropogenic drivers, but none of these studies has specifically examined the role that urbanization plays in ecoevolution or explicitly examined its mechanisms. This paper presents evidence on the mechanisms linking urban development patterns to rapid evolutionary changes for species that play important functional roles in communities and ecosystems. Through a metaanalysis of experimental and observational studies reporting more than 1,600 phenotypic changes in species across multiple regions, we ask whether we can discriminate an urban signature of phenotypic change beyond the established natural baselines and other anthropogenic signals. We then assess the relative impact of five types of urban disturbances including habitat modifications, biotic interactions, habitat heterogeneity, novel disturbances, and social interactions. Our study shows a clear urban signal; rates of phenotypic change are greater in urbanizing systems compared with natural and nonurban anthropogenic systems. By explicitly linking urban development to traits that affect ecosystem function, we can map potential ecoevolutionary implications of emerging patterns of urban agglomerations and uncover insights for maintaining key ecosystem functions upon which the sustainability of human wellbeing depends.ecoevolution | urbanization | ecosystem function | sustainability | anthropocene E merging evidence of phenotypic change on contemporary timescales challenges the assumption that evolution only occurs over hundreds or thousands of years. Anthropogenic changes in ecological conditions can drive evolutionary change in species traits that can alter ecosystem function (1-3). However, the reciprocal and simultaneous outcomes of such interactions have only begun to emerge (4). Despite increasing evidence that humans are major drivers of microevolution, the role of human activities in such dynamics is still unclear. Might human-driven evolution lead to ecosystem change with consequences for human well-being within contemporary timescales (5, 6)?To address this question, human-driven phenotypic change must be considered in the context of global rapid urbanization. In 1950, 30% of the world's population lived in urban settlements (7). By 2014, that figure had risen to 54%, and by 2050 it is expected to reach 66% (7). By 2030, urban land cover is forecast to increase by 1.2 million km 2 , almost tripling the global urban land area of 2000 (8). Urbanization drives systemic changes to socioecological systems by accelerating rates of interactions among people, multiplying connections among distant places, and expanding the spatial scales and ecological consequences of human activities to glo...

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“…The main objective of this study was proof of such principle, to help offset especially recent criticism that studies of phenotypic selection do not directly assess evolutionary responses and can therefore be misleading (Kingsolver and Pfennig ; Merilä and Hendry ; Gotanda et al. ). My approach addresses and likely deflects at least two potential reasons for lacking responses to selection in the wild: that the genetic response is present but masked by a changing environment, and/or that selection acts primarily on the environmental rather than the genetic component (Merilä et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…), rendering evolutionary interpretations based on selection estimates and those based on population responses discordant (Gotanda et al. ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating yellow dung fly body size evolution in the field: Response to climate change?

Blanckenhorn

2015

Evolution

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Uncovering genetic responses to selection in wild populations typically requires tracking individuals over generations and use of animal models. Our group monitored the body size of one Swiss Yellow Dung Fly (Scathophaga stercoraria; Diptera: Scathophagidae) field population over 15 years, including intermittent common-garden rearing in the laboratory to assess body size with minimized environmental and maximized genetic variation. Contrary to expectations based on repeated heritability and phenotypic selection assessments over the years (reported elsewhere), field body sizes declined by >10% and common-garden laboratory sizes by >5% from 1993 to 2009. Our results confirm the temperaturesize rule (smaller when warmer) and, albeit entirely correlational, could be mediated by climate change, as over this period mean temperature at the site increased by 0.5°C, although alternative systematic environmental changes cannot be entirely excluded. Monitoring genetic responses to selection in wild invertebrate populations is thus possible, though indirect, and wild populations may evolve in directions not consistent with strongly positive directional selection favoring large body size.

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Linking macrotrends and microrates: Re-evaluating microevolutionary support for Cope's rule

Cited by 37 publications

References 95 publications

Cope's Rule in a modular organism: Directional evolution without an overarching macroevolutionary trend

Cope's Rule in a modular organism: Directional evolution without an overarching macroevolutionary trend

Global urban signatures of phenotypic change in animal and plant populations

Investigating yellow dung fly body size evolution in the field: Response to climate change?

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