Linking PM2.5 organic constituents, relative toxicity and health effects in Puerto Rico

Development and validation of a GC Orbitrap-MS method for the analysis of phthalate esters (PAE) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA) in atmospheric particles and its application for screening PM2.5 from Curitiba, Brazil

“…S5 †), which agreed with the trends observed in other studies in Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. [20][21][22][23]34,86,87 However, the DEHP concentrations (1.50-29.90 ng m −3 ) found in this work were generally lower than those reported in other studies shown in Table S2. † For example, Huang et al 22 observed high levels of DEHP near a municipal solid waste incineration plant (52.30 ng m −3 ) and a wastewater treatment plant (69.30 ng m −3 ) in Guangzhou, China, highly industrialised city.…”

“…19 PAEs and DEHA have been previously observed in PM samples collected from various locations, e.g. rural (PM 2.5 from Guayama, Puerto Rico), 20 suburban (PM 2.5 from Mohali, India), 21 urban industrial (PM 2.5 from Guangzhou, China) 22 and urban residential (PM 2.5 and PM 10 from Mexico City, Mexico). 23 PAEs and DEHA concentrations in PM (including the samples from Guayama, Mohali, Guangzhou, and Mexico City) are typically analysed using mass spectrometry coupled to gas chromatography (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography (LC-MS).…”

PM2.5 Extracts Induce INFγ-Independent Activation of CIITA, MHCII, and Increases Inflammation in Human Bronchial Epithelium

“…Blank filter extracts were also tested. A 24 h treatment with PM 2.5 extracts from both stations, and CuSO 4 (treated at 250, 500, 750, and 1000 μM) and cell viability were examined using the MTT assay [ 20 ]. Pure cell media and positive controls (Triton X-100) were concurrently assayed, with BEAS-2B cells incubated at different concentrations.…”

“…The orchestration of effects via biochemical interactions has yet to be determined. Efforts aiming at the chemical variability of PM, which may also vary with seasons, could explain or act as possible exogenous sources of oxidative stress [ 20 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Chemically specific sampling bias: the ratio of PM2.5 to surface AOD on average and peak days in the U.S.

“…15,16 Further, the chemical speciation of atmospheric particles via satellite is challenging, and toxicology and epidemiology studies suggest PM 2.5 chemical constituents, including water soluble species, contribute differently to adverse health impacts. [17][18][19][20] Babila et al (2020) hypothesize that including ALW in PM 2.5 mass concentrations may reconcile epidemiological studies that nd positive statistical associations among sulfate in ambient PM 2.5 and health endpoints in the humid eastern U.S. but not in the arid western U.S. 21 ALW mass is largely controlled by sulfate in the eastern U.S., 22 while nitrate, which is more hygroscopic, is more abundant in the western U.S. PM 2.5 mass surface monitors exhibit negative artifacts for nitrate, organic species, and ALW from lter measurements, 21,23,24 while satellites observe aerosols in situ with the condensed phase of these chemical species intact. This highlights the need to reconcile independent aerosol observations across measurement platforms.…”