Linking Racial Identity, Ethnic Identity, and Racial-Ethnic Socialization: A Tale of Three Race-Ethnicities

Parental Ethnic‐Racial Socialization and Children of Color's Academic Success: A Meta‐Analytic Review

“…Indeed, notable differences in how Latinx/Hispanic and African American mothers provide culturally specific academic socialization do exist, despite a wealth of overlapping strategies and values (Suizzo, Pahlke, Yarnell, Chen, & Romero, ). It is also possible that the types of cultural socialization and preparation for bias that are popular in African American families (e.g., discussing racial histories of overcoming oppression vs. practicing linguistic cultural elements) differ from those used in other groups and that these approaches are uniquely conducive to academic outcomes (French et al., ).…”

“…Indeed, contextualized developmental theories attribute these variations to individual and group characteristics that influence the nature of parenting practices involving ethnic‐racial socialization (French, Coleman, & DiLorenzo, ; Hughes & Chen, ). Currently, no synthesized estimations of the direction or magnitude for these potential moderation effects exist, nor has scholarship estimated the summative effects of ethnic‐racial socialization, whether measured globally or in more contextualized dimensions, on academic outcomes across a body of widely varied study findings.…”

“…The association between ethnic‐racial socialization and academic outcomes may also vary by racial or ethnic group membership, though empirical investigation of these differences is limited. Researchers have shown that differences in the amount, nature, and intent of ethnic‐racial socialization messages do exist across racial/ethnic groups (French et al., ; Priest et al., ). Additionally, the types of messages utilized by parents is greatly influenced by variation in each population's history of social positioning as a minority, immigration timing, and motivations (e.g., voluntary, involuntary, enslavement) as well as youth's more contemporary experiences of institutional and interpersonal discrimination (Garcia Coll et al., ; Noguera, ).…”

Feeling Good, Happy, and Proud: A Meta‐Analysis of Positive Ethnic–Racial Affect and Adjustment

“…Although ethnic identity is often studied with Asian Americans and Latinos, and racial identity among African Americans, it is not always the case. For example, Yip, Seaton, and Sellers () used the MEIM, a measure of ethnic identity, in their life‐span study of African Americans, and Rivas‐Drake, Hughes, and Way () used the MIBI, a measure of racial identity, in a study that included Puerto Rican and Chinese American adolescents (see also French, Coleman, & DiLorenzo, ). Furthermore, in an empirical examination that tested multiple measures of ethnic and racial identity, Casey‐Cannon, Coleman, Knudtson, and Velazquez () demonstrated significant overlap across measures, in some cases finding correlations above .90.…”

Institutionalization Of Ethnicity In Regional Identity: Model Of Republic Of Altai

“…From this point of view, the problematic is important for national regions, where ethnicity becomes an important component of regional self-awareness and the construction of an external image. At the center of the definition of ethnicity is ethnic identity based on the definition of "we" and "they," that is, it is associated with defining oneself in certain categories and relationships with others (French, Coleman, & DiLorenzo, 2013). Ethnic coloring is considered as a competitive advantage, which allows to get additional benefits, for example, by developing a tourism cluster (ethno-tourism), bond with foreign countries, receive additional funds from the federal center to maintain interethnic harmony with the republics, etc.…”