Constructed wetland geography, including size and location, plays a key role in nutrient retention; it remains a challenge to isolate and quantify the contributions of wetland size and spatial location. We constructed a clear conceptual model and modeled the effects of variations in wetland size (represented as cells width in each flow path of a grid of cells) and location on the mean nutrient discharge (MD) and standard deviation of nutrient discharge (SdD). A basic comparison between a broadly and mathematically tractable Poisson distribution and a conventionally hypothesized uniform distribution showed that wetlands with a Poisson width or Poisson location distribution exhibit much greater effects on SdD than wetlands with a uniform distribution. We then compared and summarized the effects of 10,000 variations in wetlands on MD and SdD. For all kinds of wetlands, the MD was largely determined by the mean size, mean location, and evenness of location, while the SdD was closely related to the evenness and standard deviation (Sd) of both wetland size and location. Incorporating these factors into landscape models could greatly simplify the model structure and improve precision. Location was more important than size for both MD and SdD, regardless of the retention of the wetlands, which suggested that optimizing wetland location should be a high priority for water quality management and will yield greater benefits than widening wetlands elsewhere.