Linking tephrochronology and soil characteristics in the Sila and Nebrodi mountains, Italy

Abstract

Recent studies have demonstrated that soils formed on pyroclastic ash deposits are much more common in the Mediterranean area than previously assumed. These soils are an important key to understanding past volcanic events and landscape evolution. Chronological information in soils of Quaternary volcanic events, however, remains still poorly understood in southern Italy. Using a multi-method forensic approach, we explore the origin and age of volcanic deposits (soils) in Sicily and Calabria. The geochemical signature of the soil was compared to the chemical fingerprint of the magmas of potential source areas of southern Italian volcanoes. The results indicate that the investigated soils on the Nebrodi (Sicily) and Sila (Calabria) mountains were both impacted by materials having a high-K calc-alkaline series volcanism. The Aeolian Islands (in particular Lipari and Vulcano) are the most likely source of origin, but contributions also from the Etna (particularly the Biancavilla ignimbrites and Plinian eruptions) occurred. Weathering and leaching processes, along with a potential contribution from the underlying non-volcanic bedrock, has altered the main chemical composition of soils, often precluding direct relation to potential source areas. Immobile elements and their ratios (e.g. the Nb/Y vs Zr/Ti plot) or trace elements (Co, Th) and rare earth elements (laser ablation ICP-MS analyses of glass particles, volcanic clasts and pumice-like materials) gave precious hints of the origin of the volcanic deposits. Radiocarbon dating of the H2O2 resistant soil organic fraction indicates a minimum age of 8â\u80\u9310 ka of the soils. The weathering index WIP (weathering index according to Parker) and the chemical composition of volcanic glasses and clasts were tested as proxies for the age of the volcanic deposits and time for soil formation. The soils and landscape are characterised by multiple volcanic depositional phases for the last about 50 ka in the Sila mountains and about 70 ka or more in the Nebrodi mountains. Chemical-mineralogical analyses enabled the detection of deposition phases during the Pleistocene and also Holocene. The multi-method approach enabled the identification of potential source areas, provided a tentative age estimate of the start (and in part duration) of ash deposits and therefore improved our understanding of volcanic landscape evolution

Climate and relief‐induced controls on the temporal variability of denudation rates in a granitic upland

“…Furthermore, soil development is strongly linked with volcanic ash influx during this time (Raab et al ., ). Fertilization through volcanic ash‐inputs (Pelle et al ., ; Raab et al ., , ) may have enhanced this development at the upland, and might help explain the low D Surface of Tor #2 (Figures d and b).…”

“…At this site, a period with maximum humidity is recorded around 9.4–6.2 ka cal bp , followed by a general trend towards a drier climate until present. Previous soil age‐estimates in the range 16–67 ka bp with an average of 45 ± 11 ka bp (Figure ; Raab et al ., ) in the Sila upland correspond to the age of the slopes (~40 ka; Figure a). Additionally, a relatively short warmer and drier climate pulse from 30 to 50 ka bp enabled wooded steppes to form here (Figure ; Allen et al ., ) which would have slightly balanced the denuding processes through a denser root network that would have withheld soil and sediment.…”

“…This concept also includes soil and charcoal ages and major findings of Raab et al . () and Moser et al . () to complement the series of surface evolution events.…”

“…At this site, a period with maximum humidity is recorded around 9.4-6.2 ka cal BP, followed by a general trend (Allen et al, 1999) and vegetation (Allen et al, 1999;Pelle et al, 2013) for the last 100 ka. This concept also includes soil and charcoal ages and major findings of Raab et al (2017) and Moser et al (2017) (Figures 8 and 9) of the different surface relief sections (e.g. ridgetops, slopes, planes/basins, hills) and average erosion rates (calculated from cosmogenic 10 Be concentration using a material density of 2.6 g cm -3 ) after Olivetti et al (2012).…”

The hidden ecological resource of andic soils in mountain ecosystems: evidence from Italy

“…in Bhutan: Baumler et al, 2005; in Brazil: Dümig et al, 2008;in California: Graham and O'Geen, 2010;Rasmussen et al, 2010; in the Pacific Northwest, USA: McDaniel and Hipple, 2010;in Spain: Estevez et al, 2016; and also in Italy: Iamarino and Terribile, 2008;Scarciglia et al, 2008;Vingiani et al, 2014;Raab et al, 2017;Mileti et al, 2017).…”