Linking the brain and bone through fat

Abstract

Over the past years, bone and adipose tissue have gained interest from researchers in the light of their secretory profiles, being able to produce active molecules, with the final effect of regulating energy homeostasis. Both adipocytes and osteoblasts originate in the pluripotent mesenchymal stem cell and this common origin has been proposed as the core of the fat-bone relationship. The central nervous system might be the third player in this association, capable of integrating signals. Numerous adipose tissue secreted factors that influence energy homeostasis and bone have been described: leptin, adiponectin, lipocalin 2, and inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α). Similarly, osteocalcin, the most abundant bone protein, has been shown to elicit numerous central and peripheral endocrine functions. In this paper, we provide a review of the current literature regarding the bone-adipose tissue-central nervous system axis and a brief description of the several underlying molecular mechanisms.

Body Composition as a Modulator of Bone Health Changes in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

“…Adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, have been classically associated with positive effects of adipose tissue of bone homeostasis, such as induction of osteoblast proliferation and inhibition of osteoclastogenesis [50] Both of these molecules have a lower expression in VAT compared to SAT [51][52][53] and similar findings were reported for aromatase [54], which might explain the lack of a positive effect. However, it seems adiponectin can also negatively impact the bone, by means of increasing RANK-L activity and decreasing osteoprotegerin [55].…”

The Metabolic Syndrome, a Human Disease

“…mass of stored lipid. The endocrine/paracrine activity of adipose tissues (i.e., WAT, but also BAT), and the metabolite, regulative systems, and coordinated function relationships between WAT and the liver/main gut microbiota, the brain and other organs point to a much more deep functional interaction between them, as well as with the energy, nutrient availability, and nutrient fate, either through direct and/or bidirectional crosstalk [857][858][859][860] or threesome interventions with the gut [861,862], bone [863], or other tissues. There is a functional continuum between CT and WAT (logical, since the latter is a 'specialized' part of the first), with only adaptive modulation to maintain function where needed even in the context of severe energy dysbiosis.…”

A interseção neurobiológica entre dopamina, alimentos altamente palatáveis e obesidade: explorando um ciclo vicioso

“…Vários neurotransmissores incluindo GABA, glutamato e opióides, participam de várias facetas da recompensa, mas a via dopaminérgica da área tegmental ventral para o núcleo accumbens é a parte mais importante da cascata de "recompensa" (Wiss et al, 2018). 12 (Malinici et al, 2021). Tanto os adipócitos quanto os macrófagos contribuem para a produção de citocinas, no entanto, há algumas evidências de que os macrófagos são a principal fonte de IL-6 e TNF-α derivados do tecido adiposo branco (Purdy & Shatzel, 2021).…”