Linseed oil in the maternal diet increases long chain-PUFA status of the foetus and the newborn during the suckling period in pigs

In this study, we investigated the effects of maternal gestation and/or lactation diets supplemented with extruded linseed (rich in 18:3n-3) on growth performance and long-chain polyunsaturated faaty acid (PUFA) accumulation in muscle tissues of suckling lambs. A total of 36 dairy ewes were fed a control diet (CON) and a diet containing linseed (LIN) during the last 8 weeks of gestation and/or the first 4 weeks of lactation. The four dietary treatments consisted of the following gestation/lactation feeding treatments: CON/CON, CON/LIN, LIN/LIN or LIN/CON. The lambs born from ewes fed the aforementioned diets were reared exclusively on milk and were slaughtered at 4 weeks of age. Profiles of ewes' milk fatty acids and that of intramuscular fat (IMF) of leg muscles from lambs were determined. Compared with the CON/CON, LIN/CON offspring tended to grow slower and to have reduced cold carcass weights. Moreover, the LIN supplementation only in the prepartum period (LIN/CON) resulted in greater PUFAn-3 accumulation in the IMF compared with the CON/CON offspring due to increased 20:5n-3 (1.20 v. 0.64 mg/100 mg of total FA), 22:5n-3 (1.91 v. 1.46;) and 22:6n-3 (1.25 v. 0.89) contents, respectively. Compared with the CON/CON diet, providing LIN only during lactation (CON/LIN) caused a greater PUFAn-3 content in the IMF mainly due to a greater 18:3n-3 (1.79 v. 0.75 mg/100 g total FA) concentration. Continuous PUFAn-3 exposure, both via the maternal gestation and lactation diet, had no additive effects on PUFAn-3 accumulation in tissues. The results suggest that linseed, as an 18:3n-3 source, seems to be more efficient in increasing long-chain PUFAn-3 in fetal than in suckling lamb tissues.

Section: Milk Fatty Acid Compositionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Effect of linseed supplementation of the gestation and lactation diets of dairy ewes on the growth performance and the intramuscular fatty acid composition of their lambs

Nudda

Battacone

Bee

et al. 2015

“…Conversely, the piglets from the sows fed echium oil, the highest dietary source of SDA and 18:3n-6, only showed clear increases in these FA in LD, but not in liver and brain. However, both linseed oil and echium oil dietary treatments resulted in higher concentrations of their LC derivatives EPA, 22:5n-3 and DHA in all piglet tissues (in accordance with Panella-Riera et al, 2007;De Quelen et al, 2010;Sampels et al, 2011 for linseed oil). This might indicate that most of the dietary SDA is rapidly converted to its LC derivatives or β-oxidized, and not accumulated in the tissues, which is also suggested by Voss and Sprecher (1988).…”

supporting

confidence: 83%

Effects of birth weight and maternal dietary fat source on the fatty acid profile of piglet tissue

Tanghe

Millet²,

Missotten

et al. 2014

This study aimed to investigate the effects and possible interactions of birth weight and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation of the maternal diet on the fatty acid status of different tissues of newborn piglets. These effects are of interest as both parameters have been associated with pre-weaning mortality. Sows were fed a palm oil diet or a diet containing 1% linseed, echium or fish oil from day 73 of gestation. As fish oil becomes a scarce resource, linseed and echium oil were supplemented as sustainable alternatives, adding precursor fatty acids for DHA to the diet. At birth, the lightest and heaviest male piglet per litter were killed and samples from liver, brain and muscle were taken for fatty acid analysis. Piglets that died pre-weaning had lower birth weights than piglets surviving lactation (1.27 ± 0.04 v. 1.55 ± 0.02 kg; P < 0.001), but no effect of diet on mortality was found. Lower DHA concentrations were observed in the brain of the lighter piglets compared with their heavier littermates (9.46 ± 0.05 v. 9.63 ± 0.04 g DHA/100 g fatty acids; P = 0.008), suggesting that the higher incidence of pre-weaning mortality in low birth weight piglets may be related to their lower brain DHA status. Adding n-3 PUFA to the sow diet could not significantly reduce this difference in DHA status, although numerically the difference in the brain DHA concentration between the piglet weight groups was smaller when fish oil was included in the sow diet. Independent of birth weight, echium or linseed oil in the sow diet increased the DHA concentration of the piglet tissues to the same extent, but the concentrations were not as high as when fish oil was fed.

“…Supplementation of the sow diet with extruded linseed during gestation and lactation increased the proportions of n-3PUFA compared with the other two experimental diets without modifying the proportion of 22:6n-3. The fatty acid composition of the milk reflected the nutritional status of the sows during gestation and lactation as previously described (Fritsche et al, 1993;Bazinet et al, 2003;de Quelen et al, 2010). However, the content of 18:3n-3 in the diet seems to be important to increase n-3PUFA levels in sow milk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…To increase the n-3PUFA content in piglet tissues, some vegetables sources such as linseed or rapeseed, rich in 18:3n-3, could be added to sow diet. In a previous study, we demonstrated that linseed oil in the sow diet during gestation and lactation increased LC-PUFA deposition in the carcasses and brains of piglets and maintained the proportion of 22:6n-3 in the brain of piglets during the postnatal period, as opposed to the control, low-n-3PUFA diet (de Quelen et al, 2010). Extruded linseed could be a better 18:3n-3 source than linseed oil because of lower oxidation than oil (Hall et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Indeed, the activity of elongase and desaturase enzymes appears to be low before birth compared with the postnatal period (Clandinin et al, 1981 and, suggesting that the incorporation of n-3LC-PUFA in tissues at birth derives predominantly from placental transfer. Several studies demonstrated that 18:3n-3-rich diets increase n-3LC-PUFA accumulation in sow placenta and n-3LC-PUFA deposition in foetal tissue (Brazle et al, 2009;de Quelen et al, 2010), suggesting placental transfer of n-3LC-PUFA between the sow and foetuses. During the postnatal period, the 22:6n-3 in the high 18:3n-3 piglet liver could be mobilized via the circulation from the liver to the brain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of different contents of extruded linseed in the sow diet on piglet fatty acid composition and hepatic desaturase expression during the post-natal period

Quelen

Boudry²,

Mourot

2013

n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) contribute to the normal growth and development of numerous organs in the piglet. The fatty acid composition of piglet tissues is linked to the fatty acid composition of sow milk and, consequently, to the composition of sow diet during the gestation and lactation period. In this study, we investigated the impact of different contents of extruded linseed in the sow diet on the fatty acid composition and desaturase gene expression of piglets. Sows received a diet containing either sunflower oil (low 18:3n-3 with 18:3n-3 representing 3% of total fatty acids) or a mixture of extruded linseed and sunflower oil (medium 18:3n-3 with 9% of 18:3n-3) or extruded linseed (high 18:3n-3 with 27% of 18:3n-3) during gestation and lactation. Fatty acid composition was evaluated on sow milk and on different piglet tissues at days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. The postnatal evolution of delta5 (D5D) and delta6 (D6D) desaturase mRNA expression was also measured in the liver of low 18:3n-3 and high 18:3n-3 piglets. The milk of high 18:3n-3 sows had higher proportions of n-3PUFA than that of low 18:3n-3 and medium 18:3n-3 sows. Piglets suckling the high 18:3n-3 sows had greater proportions of 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 in the liver, and of 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 in the brain than low 18:3n-3 and medium 18:3n-3 piglets. D5D and D6D mRNA expressions in piglet liver were not affected by the maternal diet at any age. In conclusion, extruded linseed in the sow diet modifies the n-3PUFA status of piglets during the postnatal period. However, a minimal content of 18:3n-3 in the sow diet is necessary to increase the n-3PUFA level in piglet liver and brain. Moreover, modifications in the n-3PUFA fatty acid composition of piglet tissue seem linked to the availability of 18:3n-3 in maternal milk and not to desaturase enzyme expression.