Lipid-based carriers for controlled delivery of nitric oxide

Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO) is crucial for body homeostasis at moderate levels, but cytotoxic at high levels, thus making it a potential candidate for anticancer therapies and antibacterial surface coatings. To date, NO use has been limited due to its very short half-life. Many strategies have been utilized in an attempt to control the half-life of NO, including (but not limited to) lipid-based carriers, due to their biocompatibility and versatility. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the latest studies that aimed to control the release of NO via a variety of lipid-based delivery carriers, such as liposomes (echogenic and normal) and microbubbles. In addition, we discuss the different types of NO donors used to control and target the release of NO. Expert opinion: Achieving a NO releasing lipid-based systems to mimic the natural release rate of NO remains a challenging task. Many promising strategies are still to be tackled, such as NO release supported lipid bilayers using GPx mimicking catalysts instead of vesicles, or the use of lipophillic NO donors such as nitrooleate instead of the conventional hydrophilic NO donors. These new strategies may present us with better alternatives to the previously published systems.

MDA5 autoantibody—another indicator of clinical diversity in dermatomyositis

“…However, if the results of Allenbach and coworkers suggesting that the inducible NOS/nitric acid axis plays a role in the repair of damaged muscle in myositis patients are confirmed, this observation could be truly exciting with respect to new therapeutic strategies. Recent work by others suggesting that novel new strategies for therapeutically delivering nitrous oxide to damaged tissue in a clinical setting may be on the horizon (51)(52)(53).…”

Nitric Oxide–Releasing Macromolecular Scaffolds for Antibacterial Applications

“…Both NO gas and NO donors (e.g., Ndiazeniumdiolates, metal nitrosyls, and organic nitrites) have been encapsulated into liposomes to achieve controlled NO release. [61] Suchyta and Schoenfisch recently reported on the ability to tune NOrelease kinetics of Ndiazeniumdiolateencapsulated liposomes by altering the identity of NO donors and phospholipid composition. [62] The presence of hydrophobic phospholipid bilayers as a physical barrier was shown to slow protoninitiated decomposition of encapsulated Ndiazeniumdiolates, thus enhancing the stability of the NO donors and extending concomitant NO release com pared to the free NO donors.…”

Bactericidal Activity of Lipid-Shelled Nitric Oxide-Loaded Microbubbles

“…Furthermore, recent efforts toward the development of novel antibiotics have produced diminishing returns (Coates et al, 2011), motivating the need to develop alternative and adjunct strategies for treating bacterial infections. Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent bioactive gas that plays important roles in physiology, including the regulation of vasodilation, platelet activation, and neurotransmission (Elnaggar et al, 2017). NO is downregulated in pathological conditions, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and chronic kidney disease (Ahmad et al, 2018).…”

“…Therapeutic applications of NO are limited by the lack of successful delivery strategies (Elnaggar et al, 2017). NO donors, such as nitroglycerin, are used in the clinic to manage acute hypertension (Flaherty et al, 1982).…”

“…However, inhalation is expensive, cumbersome and suitable for a limited number of applications (Thunberg et al, 2015). Therefore, the development of site-specific and triggered delivery of NO is an active area of research (Elnaggar et al, 2017). Biomaterials, such as dendrimers (Sun et al, 2012), sol-gels (Robbins and Schoenfisch, 2003), polymers (Studenovsky et al, 2018), and lipids (Elnaggar et al, 2017), are under investigation as carriers for NO donors.…”