Lipid Components and Metabolism of Acanthocephala and Nematoda

Fairbairn, Donald

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-395536-4.50021-9

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Von Brand (1952) observed TL content in Taenia solium (16.2 %), T. saginata (11.2 %), T. hydatigena (4.9 %), Moniezia expansa (30.1 %), whereas, in H. diminuta (Fairbairn et al 1961), H. citelli (Harrington 1965), Spirometra mansonoides (Meyer et al 1966) and R. (F.) echinobothrida (Mondal et al 2009), it was 20.1, 16.1, 24 and 4.05 %, respectively. Von Brand (1973) and Fairbairn (1969) also made similar observations on some nematode species i.e. Ascaris lumbricoides (8.9 %) and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (11.9 %).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Variation in lipid and fatty acid uptake among nematode and cestode parasites and their host, domestic fowl: host–parasite interaction

Mondal¹,

Kundu

Misra³

2016

J Parasit Dis

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Lipid synthesis is an important process in most organisms as well as in helminths. The present observation shows the variation of lipid and fatty acid uptake among cestode, Raillietina (Fuhrmannetta) echinobothrida; nematode, Ascaridia galli and their host, Gallus domesticus, the common country fowl. Total lipid (TL), neutral lipid (NL), glycolipid (GL), phospholipid (PL) and their fatty acid of cestode, nematode and liver and intestinal fluid of the host were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography respectively. The result shows that liver take more TL, PL and GL except NL. Utilization of lipid from intestinal fluid when compare between the parasites, it is found that TL and PL content of cestode are higher than nematode, whereas, nematode absorbs more NL and GL than cestode. The percent of cholesterol is more in cestode than nematode. Palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic are the predominant fatty acids among all the samples. The present study reveals that the cestode having large surface area is more opportunistic in the resource utilization over the nematode as well as the host.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Variation in lipid and fatty acid uptake among nematode and cestode parasites and their host, domestic fowl: host–parasite interaction

Mondal¹,

Kundu

Misra³

2016

J Parasit Dis

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“…When proglottids are shed, the embryonated eggs alone have a known continuing function, and the parenchyma, with its lipids, must be regarded as waste. Moreover, in this species, as in the parasitic stages of all helminths which have been examined, fatty acids are not oxidized (Fairbairn, 1969;. The situation in Ascaris lumbricoides ovaries, in which large amounts of triglycerides are also present, is quite different.…”

Section: ( 2 ) Fermentationmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…A similar situation, but one which may be reversed with respect to aerobic versus anaerobic functions, may exist in infective larvae of the trichostrongylid nematode, Haemonchus contortus. Such larvae are in a free-living, resting stage of their development, and by comparison with similar stages of other species (Wilson, 1965 b ;Fairbairn, 1969) probably satisfy their energy requirements by metabolizing fats aerobically (Rogers, 1940). However this may be, they possess high activities of PEP carboxykinase and other enzymes associated with fermentation of glycogen to SUCcinate, and low activities of pyruvate kinase and lactic dehydrogenase (Ward & Schofield, 1967; Ward, Schofield & Johnstone, 1968a, b).…”

Section: ( 2 ) Fermentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biochemical Adaptation and Loss of Genetic Capacity in Helminth Parasites

Fairbairn

1970

Biological Reviews

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115

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Summary 1. Adaptation and loss of genetic capacity differ chiefly in that adaptation is goal‐ directed whereas loss of genetic capacity is not. Given sufficient information about an individual organism and its environment, adaptations are recognizable without reference to historical events extending beyond a single generation. This is not true of loss of genetic capacity, which requires a preliminary judgement that genetic information now absent was present in ancestral organisms. Together, adaptation and loss of genetic capacity are the major contributors to overall reproductive fitness. Accidental selection is genetically associated with adaptation, but is not goal‐directed. 2. Adaptations arevariant or invariant; invariant adaptations comprising biochemical unity, and variant adaptations contributing to biochemical diversity. Variant adaptations may be either exploitive or epigenetic. Exploitive adaptations are a measure of thegenetic capacity for phenotypic response to an altered environment, which the individual may not in fact encounter. Epigenetic adaptations are more rigidly programmed and are responsive to altered environments only insofar as these are a constant feature of the life cycle. 3. Selected observations in the biochemistry of helminth parasites are examined with respect to their interpretation in terms of adaptation, loss of genetic capacity and accidental selection. Secure judgements concerning adaptation are often possible at the most general level, i.e. when the physicochemical properties of the environment, such as temperature or oxygen supply, are clearly defined. I t is more difficult to make judgements concerning the specific mechanisms used in achieving these goals. Conclusions concerning loss of genetic capacity require knowledge of the specific function through‐out the life cycle. In many cases loss of genetic capacity is only apparent, as the function appears in another part of the life cycle. Such apparent losses are in reality epigenetic adaptations. These concepts are helpful in interpreting past work and in devising new experiments. 4. Development in helminth parasites includes a pronounced capacity for the orderly release of information to be used in the next stage. As each stage may require a radically different environment, programming for it may lead to phenomena which are superficially puzzling, such as the existence of aerobic electron transport systems in a stage whose energy metabolism is fermentative. The concept of epigenetic adaptation is especially useful for interpreting such observations. 5. Although possible adaptations are most readily apparent in biochemically complex mechanisms, these mechanisms are an expression of the orderly effects of many different primary gene products which have not been much studied. There are indications that organisms possessing relatively complex life cycles may provide opportunities for relating primary gene products, such as isozymes, to their physiological functions.

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Determination of the sedimentary microbial biomass by extractible lipid phosphate

et al. 1979

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The measurement of lipid phosphate is proposed as an indicator of microbial biomass in marine and estuarine sediments. This relatively simple assay can be performed on fresh, frozen or frozen-lyophilized sediment samples with chloroform methanol extraction and subsequent phosphate determination. The sedimentary lipid phosphate recovery correlates with the extractible ATP and the rate of DNA synthesis. Pulse-chase experiments show active metabolism of the sedimentary phospholipids. The recovery of added C-labeled bacterial lipids from sediments is quantitative. Replicate analyses from a single sediment sample gave a standard deviation of 11%. The lipid extract can be fractionated by relatively simple procedures and the plasmalogen, diacyl phospholipid, phosphonolipid and non-hydrolyzable phospholipid content determined. The relative fatty acid composition can be readily determined by gas-liquid chromatography.The lipid composition can be used to define the microbial community structure. For example, the absence of polyenoic fatty acids indicates minimal contamination with benthic micro-eukaryotes. Therefore the high content of plasmalogen phospholipids in these sediments suggests that the anaerobic prokaryotic Clostridia are found in the aerobic sedimentary horizon. This would require anaerobic microhabitats in the aerated zones.

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Lipid Components and Metabolism of Acanthocephala and Nematoda

Cited by 8 publications

References 68 publications

Variation in lipid and fatty acid uptake among nematode and cestode parasites and their host, domestic fowl: host–parasite interaction

Variation in lipid and fatty acid uptake among nematode and cestode parasites and their host, domestic fowl: host–parasite interaction

Biochemical Adaptation and Loss of Genetic Capacity in Helminth Parasites

Determination of the sedimentary microbial biomass by extractible lipid phosphate

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