Lipid Droplets from Plants and Microalgae: Characteristics, Extractions, and Applications

Abstract

Plant and algal LDs are gaining popularity as a promising non-chemical technology for the production of lipids and oils. In general, these organelles are composed of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer and various surface-associated proteins. Many studies have shown that LDs are involved in numerous biological processes such as lipid trafficking and signaling, membrane remodeling, and intercellular organelle communications. To fully exploit the potential of LDs for scientific research and commercial applications, it is important to develop suitable extraction processes that preserve their properties and functions. However, research on LD extraction strategies is limited. This review first describes recent progress in understanding the characteristics of LDs, and then systematically introduces LD extraction strategies. Finally, the potential functions and applications of LDs in various fields are discussed. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the properties and functions of LDs, as well as potential approaches for their extraction and utilization. It is hoped that these findings will inspire further research and innovation in the field of LD-based technology.

Engineering Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Microalgae: Recent Progress and Perspectives

“…Synthesized TAG is stored in lipid droplets (LDs). LDs are enveloped by a phospholipid monolayer with embedded lipid droplet proteins, which are deposited on the LD membrane [48]. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that the major lipid droplet protein (MLDP) was a major protein in lipid droplets, and the inhibition of the expression of the MLDP-encoding gene, using RNAi, led to an increase in lipid droplet size, but no changes in triacylglycerol content or metabolism were observed [49].…”

Advancement of Abiotic Stresses for Microalgal Lipid Production and Its Bioprospecting into Sustainable Biofuels

“…The schematic overview of the principal enzymes linked to enhanced triacylglycerol synthesis under stress conditions in the lipid synthetic pathways is provided in Figure 4. [235]. It depicts the synthesis of free fatty acids (FFAs) and triacylglycerols (TAGs) in both the endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplast.…”

“…TAGs are the primary storage lipids in algae, while sterol esters play a minor role. The lipid composition of membranes is more complex and heterogeneous, and it varies between different cell compartments, cell types, and even different organisms [235]. Cellular membranes are essential for maintaining cell integrity and functionality.…”