Lipid extract from completely sporoderm‐broken germinating Ganoderma sinensis spores elicits potent antitumor immune responses in human macrophages

Abstract

Ganoderma sinensis has been used widely in Oriental countries for the prevention and treatment of various diseases including cancer. Previous studies have shown that the lipid extract from Ganoderma exhibits direct cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Here, it is reported that the lipid extract from germinating G. sinensis spores, at lower concentrations that have no direct tumoricidal activity, induce potent antitumor immune responses in human monocytes/macrophages. Upon stimulation with the lipid extract, monocytes/macrophages exhibited markedly increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and surface expression of costimulatory molecules. Conditioned medium from stimulated cells effectively suppressed the growth of tumor cells. Apparently, the lipid extract triggered macrophage activation via a mechanism different from that associated with LPS. Moreover, it was observed that the lipid extract could partially re-establish the antitumor activity of the immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages. These results indicated that in addition to its direct tumoricidal activity, the lipid extract from G. sinensis spores could exert antitumor activity by stimulating the activation of human monocytes/macrophages.

A supercritical-CO2 extract of Ganoderma lucidum spores inhibits cholangiocarcinoma cell migration by reversing the epithelial–mesenchymal transition

“…More recently, we have reported GLE exert antitumor activities by direct tumoricidal effects or indirectly by activating monocytes/macrophages (Zhang et al, 2009). However, to date, the ability of GLE to antagonize transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-mediated changes associated with EMT in CCA cells has not been explored.…”

Cytotoxicity, Antioxidants and Antimicrobial Activities of Lipids Extracted from Some Marine Algae

“…However, the highest antioxidant activity of crude lipids of several macroalgae species extracted with hexane may be due to the presence of many substances such as carotenoids, soluble lipids, phenolic compounds, steroids and terpenoids [31] The mean (n=3) difference was significant at P ≤ 0.05 Table 7: Antioxidant activity of marine algae crude lipids assessed by DPPH radical. [25] found that the Spirulina platensis lipids exhibited free radical scavenging activity (from 21 to 27%) against DPPH with various degrees.…”

Ganoderma spore lipid protects mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoiesis from the cytotoxicity of the chemotherapeutic agent

“…20,21 In the GSL, many fatty acids and ergosterol have been identified and demonstrated to exert anticancer activity and reduce drug-induced cell damage and apoptosis. 23,24,27,28 Here, we further investigate the protective effects of GSL on bone marrow cells against the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents.…”

“… GSL concentrates all the bioactive components of the spores, but with much higher bioactivities than the whole spores . Like the fruiting bodies and spores, GSL has been demonstrated to possess immunomodulatory and anticancer effects . However, it is still unclear whether GSL can benefit cancer patients through attenuation of the side effects of chemotherapeutic agents.…”

“…21,22 Like the fruiting bodies and spores, GSL has been demonstrated to possess immunomodulatory and anticancer effects. [22][23][24] However, it is still unclear whether GSL can benefit cancer patients through attenuation of the side effects of chemotherapeutic agents.…”