Lipid Extracts from Caulerpa lentillifera Waste: An Alternative Product in a Circular Economy

Abstract

Nowadays, a circular economy is one of the main strategies for developing a sustainable economy. The objective of this work was to increase the value of Caulerpa lentillifera waste and use it efficiently as a resource for lipid extraction. A crude lipid yield of approximately 27.69% of the dry weight was obtained under the following optimized conditions that consisted of a three-stage extraction with 15 min/stage using a ratio of 1:10 (w/v) at room temperature. The crude extracts contained a total fatty acids (TFA) content of approximately 58.60% of the weight of the extracts, which consisted of 10 types of fatty acids. The proportion of palmitic acid (16:0) as the main component was above 70% of the TFA content. Moreover, it also contained chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids at approximately 1.77, 0.91, and 0.70 µg/mg of the extract, respectively. The total phenolic and flavonoids content, including 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 1,1′- diphenyl-2-picrahydrazyl (ABTS and DPPH, respectively) scavenging activities, showed that the lipid extracts had high potential for antioxidant activity. Moreover, the extracts also demonstrated α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 8.97 mg/mL. Thus, this extract could be used as an alternative product in a circular economy for preventing diabetes disease.

Antioxidant, and physical properties of chitosan/gelatin composite film incorporated with Caulerpa lentillifera extract for pork preservation

“…The 2930 and 2830 cm −1 represented the absorption peaks of methylene groups of fatty acids. It was indicated that the CL extract contained 45% palmitic acid (Srinorasing et al ., 2021).…”

“…It was attributed to the presence of phenolics, and flavonoids contained in CL extract within composite films. It was found that the CL extract contained total phenolic and flavonoid contents around 2.07 mg GAE per g sample and 5.40 mg QE per g sample, and monounsaturated fatty acids accounted for 9.5% of the total extract (Srinorasing et al ., 2021). Fatty acids within composite films affected the swelling rate of films, which affected the release of active agent (Dai et al ., 2022).…”

“…The CL was freeze‐dried and ground with liquid nitrogen. The CL powder was extracted with a solution of 99.7% (w/w) ethanol at the ratio of 1:10(w/w) at room temperature for 10 min under continuous mixing using a stirrer at 300 rpm, then we separated the filtrate by vacuum pump, and the filtrate was extracted for four times (Yap et al ., 2019b; Srinorasing et al ., 2021). The extracts were collected by rotary evaporation and stored in ethanol at −20 °C.…”

Sea grapes (Caulerpa lentillifera J. Agardh, Chlorophyta) for human use: Structured review on recent research in cultivation, nutritional value, and post-harvest management

“…The nutritional value was reported to be not different from that of food-grade products (Chaiklahan et al 2020). The studies focused on the polysaccharide (Chaiklahan et al 2020;Honwichit et al 2022), as well as the lipid (Srinorasing et al 2021) fraction. In intra-species comparisons (Table 2) different extraction methods, namely varying algae-to-ethanol ratios, extraction times, stages and purifications were tested to obtain the highest yield of the respective target metabolites (Chaiklahan et al 2020;Srinorasing et al 2021).…”

“…The studies focused on the polysaccharide (Chaiklahan et al 2020;Honwichit et al 2022), as well as the lipid (Srinorasing et al 2021) fraction. In intra-species comparisons (Table 2) different extraction methods, namely varying algae-to-ethanol ratios, extraction times, stages and purifications were tested to obtain the highest yield of the respective target metabolites (Chaiklahan et al 2020;Srinorasing et al 2021). Regarding polysaccharide extraction, two-stage extraction with 60 min/stage, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:15 (w/v), extraction temperature of 90 °C, and two time precipitation by a concentration of 75% ethanol was reported to obtain highest polysaccharide yields of around 25% of DW (Chaiklahan et al 2020) and the hot water extraction (pH 6, 90 °C for 20 min) was the most cost-effective (Honwichit et al 2022).…”