Lipid-Lowering Efficacy of the Capsaicin in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Abstract

BackgroundPatients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) have increased cardiovascular risk. Capsaicin (CAP) has been shown to reduce lipids, but efficacy for patients with MetS is unknown.MethodsA systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines, to compare the effects of CAP against a placebo. Differences in the weight mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were then pooled using a random effects model.ResultsNine randomized controlled trials including 461 patients were identified in the overall analysis. CAP significantly decreased total cholesterol (TC) (WMD = −0.48, 95% CI: −0.63 to −0.34, I2= 0.00%) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (WMD = −0.23, 95% CI: −0.45 to −0.02, I2 = 68.27%) among patients with MetS. No significant effects of CAP were found on triglycerides (TG) or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (WMD = −0.40, 95% CI: −1.50 to 0.71, I2 = 98.32%; WMD = −0.08, 95% CI: −0.21 to 0.04, I2 = 86.06%). Subgroup analyses indicated that sex and intervention period were sources of heterogeneity. The results revealed that CAP decreased TG levels in women (WMD = −0.59, 95% CI: −1.07 to −0.10) and intervention period <12 weeks (WMD = −0.65; 95% CI: −1.10 to −0.20). And there was no potential publication bias according to funnel plot, Begg' test and Egger regression test.ConclusionsCAP supplementation is a promising approach to decreasing TC and LCL-C levels in patients with MetS. However, short-term (<12 weeks) use of CAP in women may also reduce TG levels.Systematic Review RegistrationIdentifier: CRD42021228032.

Capsaicin Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− Mice via Remodeling Gut Microbiota

“…The increased serum levels of TG, TC, and LDL-c were risk factors for atherosclerosis, while HDL-c was considered as “good cholesterol” to exert an atheroprotective effect [ 22 ]. Our study showed that capsaicin significantly reduced the levels of TC and LDL-c, and increased the levels of HDL-c in serum, which was supported by previous studies [ 23 , 24 ]. Furthermore, proinflammatory cytokines participate in the early phase of atherogenesis [ 25 ], and macrophages intake of excessive ox-LDL will form foam cells, which stimulate the secretion of more proinflammatory cytokines [ 26 ]; this vicious cycle further aggravates the development of atherosclerosis.…”

Toxic Metal Detection in Various Types of Tea from Certain Regions of China: Spatial Pollution Characteristics and Potential Health Risk Assessment

“…The concentration of As is lower than the Chinese (<2.0 mg/kg), Brazilian (<0.6 mg/kg), WHO (<2.2 mg/kg), and American (<3.0 mg/kg) standards. To assess toxic metals in different types of tea, all types collected were analyzed, and the results revealed that the Cd in kuding tea, a traditional tea material widely used in China, had the highest concentration at 21.98 mg/kg, whereas As in jasmine tea had the highest As concentration at 0.76 mg/kg (Table ).…”

Bioaccessibility, Bioavailability, Antioxidant Activities and Health Beneficial Properties of Some Selected Spices

“…Capsaicin promoted vascular health by increasing nitric oxide (NO) production and reducing inflammatory responses. It also reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, and reduced oxidative stress levels in various tissues [126]. Capsaicin could lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), plasma cholesterol, and inhibits LPS-induced IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α production in a time-and dose-dependent [127][128][129].…”