Lipid organization in human and porcine stratum corneum differs widely, while lipid mixtures with porcine ceramides model human stratum corneum lipid organization very closely

Caussin, Julia; Gooris, Gert S.; Janssens, M.; Bouwstra, Joke A.

doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.03.003

Cited by 87 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Depending on their chain lengths and headgroup architectures, the ceramides and the free fatty acids may participate in the same or in separate OR lattices [34]. Reduction of the content of free fatty acids, shortening the chain lengths of both ceramides and fatty acids and mismatch between the lipid chain lengths inhibit the formation of OR [19,33,76,92,93]. Ceramide EOS was found to stabilize the OR phases [94].…”

Section: Lateral Organizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The physical chemistry of the stratum corneum lipids

Boncheva

2014

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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SynopsisThe extracellular matrix of stratum corneum (SC) participates actively in the defensive performance of human skin. Understanding its physicochemical properties is essential for understanding the skin homoeostasis, for the development of efficient therapies for skin disorders and diseases and for ensuring the safety of products designed for topical application. This article summarizes the current knowledge of the composition, self-assembly and molecular organization of the SC lipids, reviews the evidence connecting these parameters and the barrier properties of human skin, and outlines the immediate issues in the field of SC lipid research. R ESUM E: La matrice extracellulaire du stratum corneum (SC) participe activement a la performance d efensive de la peau humaine. Comprendre ses propri et es physico-chimiques est essentielle pour comprendre l'hom eostasie de la peau, pour le d eveloppement de th erapies efficaces pour les troubles et les maladies de la peau, et pour assurer la s ecurit e des produits conc ßus pour une application topique. Cet article r esume les connaissances actuelles sur la composition, l'auto-assemblage, et l'organisation mol eculaire des lipides SC, examine les preuves reliant ces param etres et les propri et es de barri ere de la peau humaine, et d ecrit les probl emes imm ediats dans le domaine de la recherche sur les lipides SC. IntroductionThe field of skin research is replete with opportunities for those intent on working on scientifically interesting topics while making a noticeable, positive difference in people's lives [1]. The range of important problems that the field can help solving is broad. It comprises (i) reducing infant mortality, especially in the developing countries where defective skin barrier is the second major cause of preterm mortality [2][3][4][5][6]; (ii) improving the skin health of some 20-30% of the population in the developed countries which suffer from some sort of skin barrier dysfunction [7,8]; (iii) developing efficient strategies for the dermal and transdermal delivery of drugs and vaccines [9]; (iv) increasing the national and personal security by developing methods to retard or prevent the skin penetration of chemical warfare agents, toxic spills and pesticides [10, 11]; (v) enhancing the safety of topical products (e.g. fragrances, cosmetics, cleansing agents, sunscreens and insect repellents) [12]. Thus, the targets in skin research cover the full spectrum from counter-acting leaky skin and preventing its penetration by chemicals to pushing chemicals through it. One common major problem underlies these diverse topics: our insufficient understanding of the factors that determine skin permeability.Understanding the permeability of human skin to a large extent means understanding the extracellular lipid matrix of the stratum corneum (SC), the topmost skin layer which constitutes the main barrier to transdermal fluxes [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. As the lipid matrix forms an uninterrupted pathway from the skin surface to the viable skin tissu...

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Section: Lateral Organizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The physical chemistry of the stratum corneum lipids

Boncheva

2014

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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“…Optimum percentages of all three major classes of SC lipid are important for the formation of orthorhombic lateral packing [4,6,8,19,20,22,39,48,52,53]. A study by Norlén et al [27] indicated that as one goes deeper into the SC layers, the amount of FFA decreases, which results in an increase in transepidermal water loss (TEWL).…”

Section: Stratum Corneummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The architecture of the CER head group also affects the lateral packing of the lipids. The head groups of the phytosphingosine-based CERs, such as CER[AP], have the highest number of hydroxyl groups, which enhances the formation of hydrogen bonds in the head group region and increases the stability of the orthorhombic phase [53,54]. Long-chain FFAs have stronger van der Waals interactions, promoting the orthorhombic lateral packing [4,10,53].…”

Section: Stratum Corneummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The head groups of the phytosphingosine-based CERs, such as CER[AP], have the highest number of hydroxyl groups, which enhances the formation of hydrogen bonds in the head group region and increases the stability of the orthorhombic phase [53,54]. Long-chain FFAs have stronger van der Waals interactions, promoting the orthorhombic lateral packing [4,10,53]. A study by Caussin et al [53] showed that porcine skin has a lower percentage of phytosphingosine-based CERs than human skin, and relatively shorter-chain-length FFAs that mainly result in hexagonal lateral packing.…”

Section: Stratum Corneummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Skin Diseases Associated with the Depletion of Stratum Corneum Lipids and Stratum Corneum Lipid Substitution Therapy

Sahle

Gebre‐Mariam²,

Dobner³

et al. 2014

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

170

164

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The skin is the largest organ of the body, whose main function is to protect the body against the loss of physiologically important components as well as harmful environmental insults. From the inside to the outside, the skin comprises three major structural layers: the hypodermis, the dermis and the epidermis. The epidermis contains four different sublayers, the stratum corneum (SC), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale, where the barrier function of the skin mainly lies in the outermost layer of the epidermis, the SC. The SC contains corneocytes that are embedded in a lipid matrix existing in the form of lipid bilayers. The lipid bilayers are formed mainly from ceramides, free fatty acids and cholesterol, constitute the only continuous pathway across the SC and are responsible for the barrier function of the skin. However, the depletion or disturbance of SC lipids in the SC leads to a perturbation of the barrier function of the skin, and, conversely, several skin diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis are associated with the depletion of these SC lipids. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to understand the interrelationship between the depletion of SC lipids and skin diseases as well as factors that affect the composition and organization of SC lipids in order to assess the potential benefit of a direct replacement of the missing SC lipids as a means of treating affected, aged or diseased skin. i 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel

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“…Meyer et al 1978Meyer et al , 2003Meyer et al , 2007Meyer 1986). Because although in the domesticated pig stratum corneum lipids are arranged predominantly in a hexagonal lattice while lipids in the human corneal layer system are predominantly packed in the denser orthorhombic lattice, porcine ceramides model human stratum corneum lipid organisation very closely (Caussin et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basic structural and functional characteristics of the epidermal barrier in wild mammals living in different habitats and climates

et al. 2011

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Based on the combination of standard light and transmission electron microscopy, cryo-SEM, immunohistochemistry and a new sensitive glycolipid histochemical technique (5-hexadecanoylaminofluorescein staining, laser scanning microscopy), including densitometrical evaluation, our approach gives for the first time an overview of the specific biology of the epidermal permeability barrier in wild mammals (20 species from five orders), living under varying (aquatic or moist to dry) habitat conditions. The results obtained emphasised that the barrier region in most of the species studied is a continuous zone (thickness, 0.1 and 3 μm) between the upper cells of the stratum granulosum and the inner cells of the stratum corneum conjunctum, normally present as a homogeneous glycolipid layer originating from fusion of lamellar body contents after exocytotic activities of the granular cells. However, this finding did not apply to all of the species studied, i.e., the Wild boar, the Common seal and the three large species with a very thick vital epidermis, the African elephant, the hippopotamus and the common dolphin, exhibited variations from the basic scheme. Densitometric evaluation of the 5-hexadecanoylaminofluorescein staining revealed that reaction intensity was not only generally related to the habitat conditions but also to vital epidermis thickness and hair density. The immunohistochemical demonstration of Na + /H + exchanger 1 corroborated for all wild mammals studied that this important regulator of pH conditions during barrier formation is continuously produced in the epidermis. The variations in barrier biology observed for some species obviously had to be developed in relation to animal size (or body size area) and hair coat density, but, particularly, by the specific adaptation of certain mammalian groups to the aquatic environment. In the latter case, the typical barrier zone system was lost, as in the hippopotamus or the cetaceans.

show abstract

Lipid organization in human and porcine stratum corneum differs widely, while lipid mixtures with porcine ceramides model human stratum corneum lipid organization very closely

Cited by 87 publications

References 46 publications

The physical chemistry of the stratum corneum lipids

The physical chemistry of the stratum corneum lipids

Skin Diseases Associated with the Depletion of Stratum Corneum Lipids and Stratum Corneum Lipid Substitution Therapy

Basic structural and functional characteristics of the epidermal barrier in wild mammals living in different habitats and climates

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