Lipid peroxidation derived reactive carbonyl species in free and conjugated forms as an index of lipid peroxidation: limits and perspectives

Abstract

Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) formed by lipidperoxidation as free forms or as enzymatic and non-enzymatic conjugates are widely used as an index of oxidative stress. Besides general measurements based on derivatizing reactions, more selective and sensitive MS based analyses have been proposed in the last decade. Untargeted and targeted methods for the measurement of free RCS and adducts have been described and their applications to in vitro and ex vivo samples have permitted the identification of many biological targets, reaction mechanisms and adducted moieties with a particular relevance to RCS protein adducts. The growing interest in protein carbonylation can be explained by considering that protein adducts are now recognized as being involved in the damaging action of oxidative stress so that their measurement is performed not only to obtain an index of lipid peroxidation but also to gain a deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress. The aim of the review is to discuss the most novel analytical approaches and their application for profiling reactive carbonyl species and their enzymatic and non-enzymatic metabolites as an index of lipid-oxidation and oxidative stress. Limits and perspectives will be discussed.

Successive mycelial subculturing decreased lignocellulase activity and increased ROS accumulation in Volvariella volvacea

“…Excessive ROS levels, if not removed in time, can cause serious damage to DNA, enzymes or lipid metabolism within an organism ( Dong et al, 2009 ; Holley et al, 2011 ). These damages, often in the form of protein misfolding ( Dukan et al, 2000 ) and lipid peroxidation ( Altomare et al, 2021 ), occur randomly and accumulate in cells, thereby affecting cell functions. In addition, ROS damage to DNA may also be an important factor that accelerates aging, especially with studies reporting increased oxidative damage to nuclear DNA in aging body cells ( Beckman and Ames, 1998 ).…”

Chemistry and Biochemistry Aspects of the 4-Hydroxy-2,3-trans-nonenal

“…It is a type of non-enzymatic, covalent modification that leads to the formation of adducts called advanced lipoxidation end products (ALE). They are either Michael products or Schiff’s bases [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ].…”

Molecular Research of Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity of Comamonas testosteroni Bacterial Cells under the Hexachlorobenzene Impact

“…If the break occurs on both chain sides, then a secondary product, malondialdehyde (MDA), is formed. MDA can react with NH 2 -groups of phospholipids and glucosamines, N-terminal amino acids of proteins, forming intra- and intermolecular cross links of Schiff base-types [ 15 , 16 ]. The MDA level depends on the lipid saturation level since peroxidation occurs only when lipids are in an unsaturated form [ 17 ], as was shown by studying P. ananatis cytoplasmic membrane after treatment with mesotron (herbicide).…”