Lipid Peroxidation Levels in Saliva and Plasma of Patients Suffering from Periodontitis

Abstract

Lipid peroxidation (LPO) participates in the development of various diseases, including periodontitis, and malondialdehyde (MDA) is its terminal product. Therefore, in the present study, salivary and plasma MDA levels in 30 periodontitis patients were compared to those in 20 healthy controls, as well as in relation to periodontal therapy in order to assess its effectiveness. Periodontal status was assessed via plaque index, gingival index, papilla bleeding index, probing depth and clinical attachment level, while salivary and plasma MDA levels were determined by the ELISA method. The periodontitis group had a significantly greater salivary (2.99 pmol/µL) and plasma (0.50 pmol/µL) MDA levels relative to the healthy controls (1.33 pmol/µL and 0.40 pmol/µL, respectively). Three months after the periodontal therapy completion, although salivary MDA levels were significantly lower than those measured at the baseline (p < 0.001), the reduction in plasma MDA was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). These findings indicate that, while inflammatory processes in periodontium may increase local and systemic lipid peroxidation, periodontal therapy can result in a significant decrease in salivary, but not plasma, MDA levels.

The Emerging Role of Salivary Oxidative Stress Biomarkers as Prognostic Markers of Periodontitis: New Insights for a Personalized Approach in Dentistry

“…He concluded by stating that the match of this marker in saliva indicates the presence of inflammatory activity at that moment [ 88 ]. Other researchers agree with Dakovic [ 89 , 90 , 91 ] and the most recent study of 2022 by Veljovic, et al obtain statistically significant results of the positive relation between periodontitis and MDA level in the blood and saliva [ 92 ]. Moreover, in studies by Dacovik [ 88 ] and Veljovik [ 92 ] it was seen how the scaling and root planning had decreased PD and MDA in the blood and saliva of the periodontal patients.…”

“…Other researchers agree with Dakovic [ 89 , 90 , 91 ] and the most recent study of 2022 by Veljovic, et al obtain statistically significant results of the positive relation between periodontitis and MDA level in the blood and saliva [ 92 ]. Moreover, in studies by Dacovik [ 88 ] and Veljovik [ 92 ] it was seen how the scaling and root planning had decreased PD and MDA in the blood and saliva of the periodontal patients. Nonetheless, in the study by Veljovic [ 92 ] the smoking impact on the concentration of MDA in the blood of periodontal patients was investigated.…”

“…Moreover, in studies by Dacovik [ 88 ] and Veljovik [ 92 ] it was seen how the scaling and root planning had decreased PD and MDA in the blood and saliva of the periodontal patients. Nonetheless, in the study by Veljovic [ 92 ] the smoking impact on the concentration of MDA in the blood of periodontal patients was investigated. Actually, as mentioned before, smoke is one of the exogenous factors that cause the increase in ROS concentration.…”

Evaluation of Lipid Peroxidation in the Saliva of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients with Periodontal Disease

“…At the start of the study, all participants underwent periodontal status assessment, which involved plaque index (PI) [ 25 ], gingival index (GI) [ 26 ], papilla bleeding index (PBI) [ 27 ], probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) measurements. We utilized the same indices in our earlier studies, as empirical evidence indicates that they are the most representative of periodontium status [ 15 , 19 , 28 ]. A Michigan “O” probe with William’s markings was used for PPD and CAL measurements, which were performed at mid-buccal, mesio-buccal, mid-lingual, and disto-lingual sites on each tooth.…”

“…Lipid peroxidation (LP) is one of the most important ROS reactions, as it changes the structural integrity and function of cell membranes [ 14 ]. In prior studies, LP was higher in the saliva, gingival tissue, and serum of patients with periodontitis [ 15 , 16 , 17 ], while their oxidative stress biomarker levels were reduced following periodontal therapy [ 18 ].…”