Lipid peroxidation, protein oxidant and antioxidant status of muscle, intestine and hepatopancreas for juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed graded levels of myo-inositol

Dietary myo-inositol modulates immunity through antioxidant activity and the Nrf2 and E2F4/cyclin signalling factors in the head kidney and spleen following infection of juvenile fish with Aeromonas hydrophila

“…Our present study observed that dietary MI deficiency caused an increase in the ROS, MDA and PC contents in the carp head kidneys and spleens compared with diets containing appropriate MI levels, indicating that MI deficiency caused oxidative damage of the fish immune organs. Although there is a lack of studies on the effects of MI on the oxidative status of the head kidney and spleen, similar oxidative damage was observed in the intestines, hepatopancreas and muscles of this fish in our previous study [6].…”

“…For instance, our previous study only detected total SOD (rather than CuZnSOD and MnSOD) activities in the intestine, hepatopancreas and muscle. We found that MI enhanced the T-SOD activities in the intestine and muscle but did not affect this enzyme activity in the hepatopancreas of fish under normal conditions (without challenge) [6]. The present study demonstrated that MI enhanced the T-SOD, CuZnSOD and MnSOD activities in the head kidneys and spleens of the fish.…”

“…Up-regulation of mTOR signalling has been reported to be involved in the thrombin-induced cyclin D1 expression and cell proliferation in retinal pigment epithelium cells [34]. Furthermore, our previous study demonstrated that MI deficiency caused a decrease in the ROS scavenging ability in the intestines of juvenile Jian carp [6]. Kim and Lee reported that ROS are involved in down-regulation of E2F4 expression and the inhibition of the proliferation of HCT116 human colon cancer cells [35].…”

“…A study using in vitro biochemical assays showed that MI could increase the scavenging of the hydroxyl radicals formed by the Fenton-like reaction system [21]. Additionally, our previous studies found that MI improved the antioxidant defence by decreasing lipid peroxidation and protein oxidative damage in the intestines and its enterocytes in juvenile Jian carp [6,7,22,23]. Furthermore, coffee constituents that contain two alcohol hydroxyl groups have been shown to improve Nrf2 signalling and modulate the target gene expression [24].…”

Dietary phenylalanine-improved intestinal barrier health in young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is associated with increased immune status and regulated gene expression of cytokines, tight junction proteins, antioxidant enzymes and related signalling molecules

“…NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been implicated as a key molecule in regulating antioxidant enzyme gene expression, and its activity is inhibited by the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) in rat [30]. Recently, our laboratory was the first to clone the cDNA of Nrf2 and Keap1 from grass carp and Jian carp, and showed that expression of the Nrf2 and Keap1 genes in the intestines of juvenile Jian carp was regulated by myo-inositol [31]. However, no studies have been carried out in animals to investigate the effect of Phe on the signalling molecules Nrf2 and Keap1.…”