Lipid production and composition of fatty acids in Chlorella vulgaris cultured using different methods: photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, and pure and mixed conditions

Zhang, Kun; Sun, Bingjie; She, Xingxing; Zhao, Fei; Cao, Yingjie; Ren, Difeng; Lu, Jun

doi:10.1007/s13213-013-0766-y

Cited by 35 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The FA described in this work correspond to esterified FAs, which are considered to be more bioaccessible when compared to their free forms [ 50 ]. The FAs profiled for these different microalgae were consistent with what has been reported in previous studies for each alga, concerning FA, but with differences in the FA contents [ 31 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 ], namely the present work reports higher amounts of ω-3 FA. These differences may be due to the different growth conditions for the microalgae studied, the use of different extraction methodologies (e.g., using different solvents and mixtures of solvents), different derivatization methodologies, or different platforms for data acquisition (e.g., GC-FID) [ 57 , 58 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Microalgae as Sustainable Bio-Factories of Healthy Lipids: Evaluating Fatty Acid Content and Antioxidant Activity

et al. 2021

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The demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly food sources and food ingredients is increasing, and microalgae are promoted as a sustainable source of essential and bioactive lipids, with high levels of omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FA), comparable to those of fish. However, most FA screening studies on algae are scattered or use different methodologies, preventing a true comparison of its content between microalgae. In this work, we used gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) to characterize the FA profile of seven different commercial microalgae with biotechnological applications (Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorococcum amblystomatis, Scenedesmus obliquus, Tetraselmis chui, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Spirulina sp., and Nannochloropsis oceanica). Screening for antioxidant activity was also performed to understand the relationship between FA profile and bioactivity. Microalgae exhibited specific FA profiles with a different composition, namely in the ω-3 FA profile, but with species of the same phylum showing similar tendencies. The different lipid extracts showed similar antioxidant activities, but with a low activity of the extracts of Nannochloropsis oceanica. Overall, this study provides a direct comparison of FA profiles between microalgae species, supporting the role of these species as alternative, sustainable, and healthy sources of essential lipids.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Microalgae as Sustainable Bio-Factories of Healthy Lipids: Evaluating Fatty Acid Content and Antioxidant Activity

et al. 2021

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“…The percentage of 18:3 was about three times higher than the result of Liu et al (), in which C. zofingiensis was cultured at a higher light intensity. A notable increase in the percentage of 18:1 (from 10.05% to 35.80%) and a drastic decrease in 18:3 (from 40.03% to 10.54%) in heterotrophic cultures were observed when compared to those in photoautotrophic cultures, which were in accordance with the previous work (Chen and Johns, ; Liu et al, ; Zhang et al, ). Fatty acid composition of TFA in algal cells is sensitive to culture conditions, such as the C/N ratio, sugar concentration, and light intensity (Chen and Johns, ; Zhang et al, ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Astaxanthin synthesis is affected by the fatty acid synthesis in terms of both content and compositions. At the same time, fatty acid biosynthesis is sensitive to culture conditions, such as sugar concentration and light intensity, and different culture conditions give rise to remarkably different fatty acid contents and compositions in algal cells (Chen and Johns, ; Liu et al, ; Zhang et al, ). For example, Liu et al () illustrated that heterotrophic cells attained a much higher amount of oleic acid (account for 77.6% of TFA) compared with photoautotrophic cells in C. zofingiensis .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Discrepancy of Fatty Acid Composition of Astaxanthin Esters and Total Fatty Acids in Photoautotrophic and Heterotrophic Chlorella zofingiensis

Zhang

Dong

et al. 2019

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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Chlorella zofingiensis has great potential for astaxanthin and fatty acid production. This study investigated the accumulation of astaxanthin and total fatty acids (TFA), the fatty acid compositions of astaxanthin esters and TFA in photoautotrophic and heterotrophic C. zofingiensis, respectively. The results displayed that in photoautotrophic cells, 18:3 was the most predominant fatty acid, followed by 16:0, 18:2, and 18:1, while astaxanthin mono-esters (mono-AE) contained only 16:0 and 18:0, and astaxanthin di-esters (di-AE) contained 16:0 mostly, followed by 18:1, 18:0, 18:2, and 18:3. C. zofingiensis accumulated the highest level of astaxanthin and TFA under heterotrophic conditions fed with 30 g L −1 glucose. The percentage of 18:1 in TFA, mono-AE, and di-AE increased from 10.05%, 0%, and 17.76% to 35.80%, 14.84%, and 50.12%, respectively; in contrast, the percentages of 18:3 in TFA and di-AE were observed to decrease from 40.42% and 7.59% to 9.56% and 1.30%, respectively, in comparison with those in photoautotrophic ones. The RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) results showed that the expressions of the genes in astaxanthin and fatty acid biosynthetic pathways were increased under this heterotrophic condition. These results indicated differential accumulation of AE and TFA, especially fatty acid compositions of TFA and AE in photoautotrophic and heterotrophic cells, suggesting a positive correlation between astaxanthin and fatty acid biosynthesis.

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“…Microalgae can be cultured under photoautotrophic (using light as a sole energy source to assimilate inorganic carbon sources), heterotrophic (microalgae obtain energy from organic substrates as carbon and energy sources in the dark), or mixotrophic conditions (microalgae use both light and organic carbon sources as energy sources) [ 76 ]. The results reported in the literature imply that the level of P(3HB) in cyanobacteria is less than 9% of their dry weight ( w / w DW) under normal photoautotrophy [ 77 , 78 ].…”

Section: Polyhydroxyalkanoates (Phas) In Microalgaementioning

confidence: 99%

Microalgae as Contributors to Produce Biopolymers

et al. 2021

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Biopolymers are very favorable materials produced by living organisms, with interesting properties such as biodegradability, renewability, and biocompatibility. Biopolymers have been recently considered to compete with fossil-based polymeric materials, which rase several environmental concerns. Biobased plastics are receiving growing interest for many applications including electronics, medical devices, food packaging, and energy. Biopolymers can be produced from biological sources such as plants, animals, agricultural wastes, and microbes. Studies suggest that microalgae and cyanobacteria are two of the promising sources of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), cellulose, carbohydrates (particularly starch), and proteins, as the major components of microalgae (and of certain cyanobacteria) for producing bioplastics. This review aims to summarize the potential of microalgal PHAs, polysaccharides, and proteins for bioplastic production. The findings of this review give insight into current knowledge and future direction in microalgal-based bioplastic production considering a circular economy approach. The current review is divided into three main topics, namely (i) the analysis of the main types and properties of bioplastic monomers, blends, and composites; (ii) the cultivation process to optimize the microalgae growth and accumulation of important biobased compounds to produce bioplastics; and (iii) a critical analysis of the future perspectives on the field.

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Lipid production and composition of fatty acids in Chlorella vulgaris cultured using different methods: photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, and pure and mixed conditions

Cited by 35 publications

References 37 publications

Microalgae as Sustainable Bio-Factories of Healthy Lipids: Evaluating Fatty Acid Content and Antioxidant Activity

Microalgae as Sustainable Bio-Factories of Healthy Lipids: Evaluating Fatty Acid Content and Antioxidant Activity

The Discrepancy of Fatty Acid Composition of Astaxanthin Esters and Total Fatty Acids in Photoautotrophic and Heterotrophic Chlorella zofingiensis

Microalgae as Contributors to Produce Biopolymers

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