Lipid profile of Trichinella papuae muscle-stage larvae

Abstract

Outbreaks of trichinellosis caused by Trichinella papuae have been reported in SouthEast Asia. Mebendazole and thiabendazole are the treatments of choice for trichinellosis; however, both drugs result in significant side effects and are less effective for muscle-stage larvae (L1). An alternative therapeutic agent is needed to improve treatment. Information on lipid composition and metabolic pathways may bridge gaps in our knowledge and lead to new antiparasitics. The T. papuae L1 lipidome was analysed using a mass spectrometry-based approach, and 403 lipid components were identified. Eight lipid classes were found and glycerophospholipids were dominant, corresponding to 63% of total lipids, of which the glycerolipid DG (20:1[11Z]/22:4[7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z]/0:0) (iso2) was the most abundant. Overall, 57% of T. papuae lipids were absent in humans; therefore, lipid metabolism may be dissimilar in the two species. Proteins involved T. papuae lipid metabolism were explored using bioinformatics. We found that 4-hydroxybutyrate coenzyme A transferase, uncharacterized protein (A0A0V1MCB5) and ML-domain-containing protein are not present in humans. T. papuae glycerophospholipid metabolic and phosphatidylinositol dephosphorylation processes contain several proteins that are dissimilar to those in humans. These findings provide insights into T. papuae lipid composition and metabolism, which may facilitate the development of novel trichinellosis treatments. Trichinella is a genus of parasitic roundworms that cause trichinosis, also known as trichinellosis, which infect domestic and sylvatic animals. The number of global outbreaks appears to have sharply increased, reflecting changes in the parasites' epidemiology 1. In SouthEast Asia, outbreaks of trichinellosis caused by T. papuae occurred in 2006 2 and 2007 3. T. papuae, which belongs to the non-encapsulated trichinella clade, lives predominantly in tropical rainforests 4. Ingestion of raw meat containing parasite cysts leads to infection, and the larvae released from adult females invade host muscles resulting in trichinellosis pathology. Common symptoms are eye puffiness, splinter haemorrhaging, nonspecific gastroenteritis, and muscle pain 5. Trichinosis treatment is based on anti-inflammatory drugs and anthelmintics, such as mebendazole and albendazole 6 ; however, the effectiveness of anthelmintic treatment is an issue of debate. In the treatment of myositis during a trichinellosis outbreak in Thailand, mebendazole and thiabendazole were found to be more efficient than placebo or fluconazole. However, 30% of volunteers could not tolerate the side effects of thiabendazole 7. In addition, in a trial during an outbreak in Italy, between 3% and 45% of patients had a recurrence of various symptoms after a 10-day mebendazole course 8. Generally, anthelmintic therapy is only considered effective during the intestinal phase of infection, and the drug has poor drug effectiveness in the muscle phase 9. To improve the effectiveness of the treatment, an alternative therapeutic agent may...

Metabolomes and Lipidomes of the Infective Stages of the Gastrointestinal nematodes, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Trichuris muris

“…Glycerophospholipids and glycerolipids were the major lipid groups in all three sample groups (NB_SE, NB_ESP, and TM_SE), constituting approximately 83% of the total lipids. This is in congruence with lipidomic studies in the muscle-stage larvae of Trichinella papuae (~63% glycerophospholipids) [123] and in the H. contortus (all life-cycle stages), where more than 90% of the total lipids were glycerophospholipids and glycerolipids [119]. The somatic extract of N. brasiliensis L3 contained elements of glycerophospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine, PC (38:6), PC(40:8), PC(40:7), PC(40:9), and PC (46:5).…”

Quantitative lipidomic analysis of Ascaris suum

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“…Recently, advanced atmospheric pressure scanning microprobe matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (AP-S-MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) was used, for the first time, to characterise the lipid composition of S. mansoni tissues in a spatially-resolved manner [25]. However, a paucity of lipidomic work has been conducted on parasitic nematodes, with most studies focused predominantly on specific lipid categories or a single life-cycle stage [26,27]. Recently, we characterised the lipidome of Haemonchus contortus (barber's pole worm of ruminants) for six key developmental stages/sexes [28] and subsequently explored the lipidome of specific organs of the adult female of this species [29].…”

Identification and profiling of Trichinella spiralis circulating antigens and proteins in sera of mice with trichinellosis

“…Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 is also found in T . papuae [ 50 ] and may be a useful early diagnostic marker of T . spiralis .…”