Lipid Profile of Women Using Oral Contraceptive Pills

Naz, Falaq; Jyoti, Smita; Akhtar, Nishat; Afzal, Mohammad; Siddique, Yasir Hasan

doi:10.3923/pjbs.2012.947.950

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…This could, in part, explain the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in women after menopause [34]. In accordance with our findings, HC use has been associated with higher HDL-C and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (higher than in males in our data), TG (lower in HC females compared to that in males and non-HC females in our data) concentrations [34]. This could explain the higher PC and SM concentrations in HC females compared to those in males and non-HC females, as they are the most abundant phospholipids in lipoproteins [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex differences in the association of phospholipids with components of the metabolic syndrome in young adults

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThere are differences in the prevalence and severity of diseases between males, females not taking hormonal contraceptives (non-HC females) and females taking hormonal contraceptives (HC females). The aim of this study was to identify sex-specific differences in the metabolome and its relation to components of the metabolic syndrome in a young adult population.MethodsThe subjects analysed are from the 20-year follow-up of the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. Two hundred fifteen plasma metabolites were analysed in 1021 fasted plasma samples by a targeted liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) metabolomics approach. Principal component analysis between males (n = 550), non-HC females (n = 199) and HC females (n = 269) was applied. Regression analysis with a sex × metabolite concentration interaction was performed on components of the MetS, namely waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, and plasma HDL-C, triglycerides and glucose concentration, as outcome to select the significant metabolites of the interaction. Those selected metabolites were used as predictors in a sex group stratified analysis to compare the different β coefficients and therefore the sex group-dependent associations.ResultsPrincipal component analysis between males, non-HC females, and HC females showed a general discriminating trend between males and HC females. One hundred twenty-seven metabolites were significantly different between males and non-HC females, whereas 97 differed between non-HC females and HC females. Males and non-HC females mainly differed in sphingomyelin, lyso-phosphatidylcholine, acyl-carnitine and amino acid species, whilst non-HC females and HC females mainly differed in phosphatidylcholine, lyso-phosphatidylcholine and acyl-carnitine concentrations. Forty-one metabolites (phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelines, lyso-phosphatidylcholine) were significantly differently associated with the MetS factors in the different groups.ConclusionsWe have shown clear differences between plasma metabolite concentrations in males, and HC or non-HC females, especially in lyso-phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine, which have been shown to associate with obesity in other studies. The association of these metabolites differed between sexes with components of the metabolic syndrome, which means that development of diseases like obesity and diabetes may differ between the sexes. Our findings highlight the importance of considering sex differences when conducting a metabolomics study and the need to account for the effect of HC usage in females in future studies.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13293-017-0131-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in the association of phospholipids with components of the metabolic syndrome in young adults

et al. 2017

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“…Hormonal contraceptive use, known to increase TC, TG, and HDL-C [ 7 ], increased over time. Postmenopausal hormone therapy use, known to decrease TC and to increase HDL-C [ 8 ], substantially decreased in Germany between the two survey periods as in many other countries following the publication of the Women’s Health Initiative [ 46 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serum lipid levels are determined by genetic [ 5 ] as well as acquired factors, such as lifestyle [ 6 ], in particular diet, physical activity, and smoking, use of lipid-lowering medications, use of other medications e.g. hormonal contraceptives [ 7 ] and postmenopausal hormone therapy [ 8 ], and diseases [ 9 ]. Trends in serum lipids and their underlying determinants are likely to differ between populations due to country-specific trends in lifestyle and medication use; hence country-specific data are needed for public health recommendations and health policy consulting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in mean serum lipids among adults in Germany: results from National Health Surveys 1997-99 and 2008-11

et al. 2016

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BackgroundMonitoring of serum lipid concentrations at the population level is an important public health tool to describe progress in cardiovascular disease risk control and prevention. Using data from two nationally representative health surveys of adults 18–79 years, this study identified changes in mean serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) in relation to changes in potential determinants of serum lipids between 1997–99 and 2008–11 in Germany.MethodsSex-specific multivariable linear regression analyses were performed with serum lipids as dependent variables and survey wave as independent variable and adjusted for the following covariables: age, fasting duration, educational status, lifestyle, and use of medication.ResultsMean TC declined between the two survey periods by 13 % (5.97 mmol/l vs. 5.19 mmol/l) among men and by 12 % (6.03 mmol/l vs. 5.30 mmol/l) among women. Geometric mean TG decreased by 14 % (1.66 mmol/l vs. 1.42 mmol/l) among men and by 8 % (1.20 mmol/l vs. 1.10 mmol/l) among women. Mean HDL-C remained unchanged among men (1.29 mmol/l vs. 1.27 mmol/l), but decreased by 5 % among women (1.66 mmol/l vs. 1.58 mmol/l). Sports activity and coffee consumption increased, while smoking and high alcohol consumption decreased only in men. Processed food consumption increased and wholegrain bread consumption decreased in both sexes, and obesity increased among men. The use of lipid-lowering medication, in particular statins nearly doubled over time in both sexes. Among women, hormonal contraceptive use increased and postmenopausal hormone therapy halved over time. The changes in lipid levels between surveys remained significant after adjusting for covariables.ConclusionSerum TC and TG considerably declined over one decade in Germany, which can be partly explained by increased use of lipid-lowering medication and improved lifestyle among men. The decline in serum lipids among women, however, remains unexplained.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2826-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Surprisingly, women from PDL had higher HDL-c levels compared to those from Lisbon. However, it is known that the use of oral contraceptives (due to the estrogen component) increases serum HDL cholesterol [28]. In fact, oral contraceptives acted as confounders in PDL feminine gender, by having possibly conferred upon them a better antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypercysteinemia, A Potential Risk Factor for Central Obesity and Related Disorders in Azores, Portugal

Lima

Ferin

Bourbon

et al. 2019

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism

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In Azores, the standardized mortality rate for coronary artery disease (CAD) is nearly the double when compared to mainland Portugal. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of conventional CAD risk factors, as well as the plasma aminothiol profile (and its major determinants), between two groups of healthy subjects from Ponta Delgada (in Azores) and Lisbon (in mainland) cities, searching for precocious biomarker(s) of the disease. The study groups consisted of 101 healthy volunteers from Ponta Delgada (PDL) and 121 from Lisbon, aged 20–69 years. No differences in the prevalence of classical CAD risk factors were found between the study groups, except in physical inactivity and related central obesity, which were both higher in PDL men than in those from Lisbon. Hypercysteinemia, which seems to result from sulfur-rich amino acid diets and/or vitamin B12 malabsorption, revealed to be significantly more prevalent in PDL vs. Lisbon subjects (18% vs. 4%, P=0.001), namely, in male gender. Moreover, plasma Cys levels predicted waist circumference (β coefficient = 0.102, P=0.032) and concomitant central obesity and were also associated with insulin resistance. Nevertheless, hyperhomocysteinemia prevalence was similar in both groups, despite the fact that PDL subjects exhibited a higher rate of vitamin B12 deficiency compared to those from Lisbon (19% vs. 6%, P=0.003). Owing to the nature of this study design, a cause-effect relationship between high plasma Cys levels and central obesity or CAD risk could not be derived, but results strongly suggest that hypercysteinemia is a potential risk factor for metabolic disorders, i.e., obesity and insulin resistance, and CAD in Azores, a hypothesis that asks for confirmation through further large prospective studies.

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Lipid Profile of Women Using Oral Contraceptive Pills

Cited by 22 publications

References 13 publications

Sex differences in the association of phospholipids with components of the metabolic syndrome in young adults

Sex differences in the association of phospholipids with components of the metabolic syndrome in young adults

Changes in mean serum lipids among adults in Germany: results from National Health Surveys 1997-99 and 2008-11

Hypercysteinemia, A Potential Risk Factor for Central Obesity and Related Disorders in Azores, Portugal

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