Lipid-Soluble Ginseng Extract Inhibits Invasion and Metastasis of B16F10 Melanoma Cells

Yun, Jieun; Kim, Bo Geun; Kang, Jong Soon; Park, Song‐Kyu; Lee, Kiho; Hyun, Dong Hoon; Kim, Hwan Mook; In, Man-Jin; Kim, Dong Chung

doi:10.1089/jmf.2013.3138

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Most of this efficacy is related to water-soluble saponin components, which are abundant when red ginseng is taken in the form of a hot-water extract, as is traditionally the case. However, studies evaluating the efficacy of lipid-soluble components have increased because of the higher bioavailability characteristics of such components [10] , [11] . In particular, several studies have investigated the efficacy of red ginseng oil (RGO), a lipophilic nonsaponin component of red ginseng.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subacute oral toxicity and bacterial mutagenicity study of Korean Red Ginseng oil

Seo

Suh

et al. 2017

Journal of Ginseng Research

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BackgroundRed ginseng oil (RGO) is produced by supercritical CO2 extraction of secondary products derived from Korean Red Ginseng extract. As the use of RGO has increased, product safety concerns have become more important.MethodsIn the present study, the subacute oral toxicity and bacterial reverse mutagenicity of RGO were evaluated. Sprague–Dawley rats were orally administered with RGO for 28 d by gavage. Daily RGO dose concentrations were 0 mg/kg body weight (bw), 500 mg/kg bw, 1,000 mg/kg bw, or 2,000 mg/kg bw per day. Bacterial reverse mutation tests included five bacterial strains (Escherichia coli WP2 and Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537), which were used in the presence or absence of metabolic activation. The plated incorporation method for mutation test was used with RGO concentrations ranging from 312.5 μg to 5,000 μg per plate.ResultsThe subacute oral toxicity test results did not reveal any marked changes in clinical characteristics. There were no toxicological changes related to RGO administration in hematological and serum biochemical characteristics in either control or treatment animals. Furthermore, no gross or histopathological changes related to RGO treatment were observed. The bacterial reverse mutation test results did not reveal, at any RGO concentration level and in all bacterial strains, any increase in the number of revertant colonies in the RGO treatment group compared to that in the negative control group.ConclusionThe no-observed-adverse-effect level of RGO is greater than 2,000 mg/kg bw and RGO did not induce genotoxicity related to bacterial reverse mutations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subacute oral toxicity and bacterial mutagenicity study of Korean Red Ginseng oil

Seo

Suh

et al. 2017

Journal of Ginseng Research

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“…The experimental lung metastasis was performed according to Yun et al’s method [ 56 ]. Six 6-week-old C57BL male mice (Koatech, Pyungtaek, Korea) were acclimated to laboratory conditions for 2 weeks.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Effects of Korean Red Ginseng Polysaccharides in Aged Rat Using Global Proteomic Approach

et al. 2020

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Much has been written on the physiological benefits of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG). Among its various components, ginsenosides have been widely investigated for their various pharmacological effects. However, polysaccharides are a major KRG component that has not received scrutiny similar to that of ginsenosides. The present study aims to fill that gap in the existing literature and to investigate the possible functions of polysaccharide in KRG. The researchers evaluated proteomic changes in non-saponin fractions with rich polysaccharides (NFP) in KRG. Based on the serum analysis, proteomics analysis of the liver and the spleen was additionally conducted to identify related functions. We validated the suggested functions of NFP with the galactosamine-induced liver injury model and the cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression model. Then, we evaluated the antimetastatic potential of NFP in the lungs. Further proteomics analysis of the spleen and liver after ingestion confirmed functions related to immunity, cancer, hepatoprotection, and others. Then, we validated the suggested corresponding functions of the NFP in vivo model. NFP showed immune-enhancing effects, inhibited melanoma cell metastasis in the lung, and decreased liver damage. The results show that using the proteomic approach uncovers the potential effects of polysaccharides in KRG, which include enhancing the immune system and protecting the liver.

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“…The gels were incubated in a developing buffer (50 mmol/l Tris-HCl, 150 mmol/l NaCl, 5 mmol/l CaCl 2 , 2 µmol/l ZnCl 2 , pH 7.5) for 18 h, stained with 0.2% Coomassie blue R-250 (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Haimen, China), and visualized by destaining solution (35% methanol, 10% acetic acid). The gelatinase activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were determined by analyzing the signal intensity using Gel-PRO Analyzer (ImageJ software version 1.49n; National Institutes of Health) ( 17 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Licochalconeï¿½D induces apoptosis and inhibits migration and invasion in human melanoma A375 cells

Yan

et al. 2018

Oncol Rep

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The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of Licochalcone D (LD) on the apoptosis and migration and invasion in human melanoma A375 cells. Cell proliferation was determined by sulforhodamine B assay. Apoptosis was assessed by Hoechst 33258 and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and JC-1 assay. Total intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was examined by DCFH-DA. Wound healing and Transwell assays were used to detect migration and invasion of the cells. The activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2 and MMP-9) were assessed via gelatin zymography. Tumor growth in vivo was evaluated in C57BL/6 mice. RT-PCR, qPCR, ELISA and western blot analysis were utilized to measure the mRNA and protein levels. Our results showed that LD inhibited the proliferation of A375 and SK-MEL-5 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. After treatment with LD, A375 cells displayed obvious apoptotic characteristics, and the number of apoptotic cells was significantly increased. Pro-apoptotic protein Bax, caspase-9 and caspase-3 were upregulated, while anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was downregulated in the LD-treated cells. Meanwhile, LD induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and increased the level of ROS. ROS production was inhibited by the co-treatment of LD and free radical scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). Furthermore, LD also blocked A375 cell migration and invasion in vitro which was associated with the downregulation of MMP-9 and MMP-2. Finally, intragastric administration of LD suppressed tumor growth in the mouse xenograft model of murine melanoma B16F0 cells. These results suggest that LD may be a potential drug for human melanoma treatment by inhibiting proliferation, inducing apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway and blocking cell migration and invasion.

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Lipid-Soluble Ginseng Extract Inhibits Invasion and Metastasis of B16F10 Melanoma Cells

Cited by 14 publications

References 29 publications

Subacute oral toxicity and bacterial mutagenicity study of Korean Red Ginseng oil

Subacute oral toxicity and bacterial mutagenicity study of Korean Red Ginseng oil

Biological Effects of Korean Red Ginseng Polysaccharides in Aged Rat Using Global Proteomic Approach

Licochalconeï¿½D induces apoptosis and inhibits migration and invasion in human melanoma A375 cells

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