Lipidomics in gestational diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Purpose of review Epidemiological and mechanistic studies have reported relationships between blood lipids, mostly measured by traditional method in clinical settings, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Recent advances of high-throughput lipidomics techniques have made available more comprehensive lipid profiling in biological samples. This review aims to summarize evidence from prospective studies in assessing relations between blood lipids and GDM, and discuss potential underlying mechanisms. Recent findings Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based analytical platforms are extensively used in lipidomics research. Epidemiological studies have identified multiple novel lipidomic biomarkers that are associated with risk of GDM, such as certain types of fatty acids, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol, and lipoproteins. However, the findings are inconclusive mainly due to the heterogeneities in study populations, sample sizes, and analytical platforms. Mechanistic evidence indicates that abnormal lipid metabolism may be involved in the pathogenesis of GDM by impairing pancreatic β-cells and inducing insulin resistance through several etiologic pathways, such as inflammation and oxidative stress. Summary Lipidomics is a powerful tool to study pathogenesis and biomarkers for GDM. Lipidomic biomarkers and pathways could help to identify women at high risk for GDM and could be potential targets for early prevention and intervention of GDM.

Changes in maternal blood and placental lipidomic profile in obesity and gestational diabetes: Evidence for sexual dimorphism

“…These studies focused on traditional lipid indicators (HDL and LDL) and utilized a targeted approach and did not assess FA composition. Studies utilizing an untargeted approach have focused on samples collected early in pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM to determine an association or detect biomarker signatures (see [51] for a comprehensive review) and thus offer no insight into FA metabolism or distribution. Chen et al reported increase in FA's in fasting blood samples from GDM vs control women with a graded relationship of severity of hyperglycemia and concentration of individual 16:0, 18:1, 18:2, 18:3 and 22:6 fatty acids, in contrast to our observations [28].…”

Association of gastrointestinal microbiome and obesity with gestational diabetes mellitus-an updated globally based review of the high-quality literatures

“…This inflammation is mainly manifested as dyslipidemia and a pro-inflammatory state during pregnancy [ 95 , 96 ]. Prospective studies have linked a range of fatty acids, phospholipids, lipoproteins, certain glycolipids, and cholesterol with incident GDM [ 97 ]. In a recent study of 1008 women’s lipidomic, it was observed that seven out of ten lipids associated with BMI (four LPCs, two TGs, and one SM) were linked to the risk of GDM, even after adjusting for maternal BMI [ 98 ].…”

Using metabolomics and proteomics to identify the potential urine biomarkers for prediction and diagnosis of gestational diabetes

“…SFAs may also exert lipotoxic effects by increasing inflammation, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress, leading to pancreatic β-cell apoptosis and dysfunction. 71 However, most studies about circulating and urine levels of fatty acids in gestational diabetes lack consistent results, and different fatty acid subtypes play different roles in GDM risk and require further validation.…”