Lipids and coronary heart disease in Asia

Khoo, K.L.; Hu, Ting; Liew, Yih Miin; Deslypère, J.P.; Janus, Edward

doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(03)00009-1

Cited by 70 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…6 For example, the Hisayama Study in Japan 8 reported that the ageadjusted prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (defined as total cholesterol [TC] ≥5.7 mmol/L) increased from 2.8% to 25.8% in men and from 6.6% to 41.6% in women during the period from 1961 to 2002 (Table). The increase in serum cholesterol levels in Asian countries may be associated with the increase in dietary intake of fat.…”

Section: Diabetes Mellitusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,5, 6 However, together with the growing industrializa- Figure 7. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the development of stroke subtypes and myocardial infarction according to smoking status in Korean men aged 30 to 64 years enrolled in the Korean National Health System Prospective Cohort Study.…”

Section: Hypercholesterolemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of Stroke and Coronary Artery Disease in Asia

Hata

Kiyohara

2013

Circ J

165

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Stroke and coronary artery disease (CAD) are major causes of death throughout the world. As half of the world's population lives in Asian countries, prevention of stroke and CAD in Asia is crucial. According to the vital statistics, East Asian countries have a lower mortality rate for CAD than for stroke. In contrast, CAD is a more common cause of death than stroke in other Asian countries and Western countries. Hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking are major risk factors for stroke and CAD in Asia as well as in Western countries. In an observational study in Japan, the stroke incidence decreased as a result of improvements in blood pressure control and reduction in the smoking rate over the past half century, whereas the CAD incidence did not show a clear secular change, probably because the benefits of blood pressure control and smoking cessation were negated by increasing prevalence of both glucose intolerance and hypercholesterolemia. Although Asian populations have lower serum cholesterol levels than Western populations, the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia has increased during the past half century in Asia. In addition, the smoking rate among Asian men is higher than for Western men. These results underscore that, in addition to blood pressure control, smoking cessation and the management of metabolic risk factors are very important for prevention of stroke and CAD in Asia. (Circ J 2013; 77: 1923 -1932

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Section: Diabetes Mellitusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hypercholesterolemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Stroke and Coronary Artery Disease in Asia

Hata

Kiyohara

2013

Circ J

165

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“…For example, urban expansion usually results in habitat loss (Sala et al, 2000), fragmentation (Batisani and Yarnal, 2009;Song, 2014;Song and Liu, 2014), resource removal (Rebele, 1994) and the decrease of native biodiversity (Su et al, 2011;Seto et al, 2012). In addition, the urbanization process can also result in degradation of air and water quality (Guttikunda et al, 2003;Van Metre and Mahler, 2005;Wang et al, 2013) and affect public health (Khoo et al, 2003). Therefore, scientific awareness of the negative consequences of urbanization is increasing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban expansion and its consumption of high-quality farmland in Beijing, China

Song

Pijanowski

Tayyebi

2015

Ecological Indicators

169

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a b s t r a c tChina faces the challenge of using limited farmland to feed more than 1.3 billion people. Accelerated urbanization has exacerbated this challenge by consuming a large quantity of high-quality farmland (HQF). It is therefore essential to assess the degree to which urban expansion has preferentially consumed HQF, and discern the mechanism behind this. We found urban areas in Beijing to expand at speeds of 48.97 km 2 /year, 21.89 km 2 /year, 62.30 km 2 /year and 20.32 km 2 /year during the periods 1986-1995, 1995-2000, 2000-2005 and 2005-2020, respectively. We developed an indicator of HQF consumption due to urban expansion, representing the ratio of HQF consumed to its proportion of overall farmland, and found its values were 2.21, 1.57, 1.99 and 1.10 for 1986-1995, 1995-2000, 2000-2005 and 2005-2020, respectively. Thus, although HQF has been overrepresented in the farmland consumed by Beijing's urbanization, this phenomenon has decreased over time. Centralized expansion has contributed greatly to consumption of HQF. Topography and distances to urban and water bodies determine the relative consumption of HQF in urbanization.

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“…The urbanization rate was estimated at 59% in 1960s, and has been 100% since 1980 7) . Parallel to the prospering economy and rapid urbanization, a rising incidence of CHD was observed that peaked in the 1980s.…”

Section: Trends For Chd and Cardiovascular Risk Factors In Singapore mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in the Incidence and Mortality of Coronary Heart Disease in Asian Pacific Region

Khoo

Tai

2014

JAT

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The rates of coronary heart disease are lower in Asia than in developed countries. Singapore has undergone rapid urbanization over the past several decades. In the several decades between the 1960s and 1980s, a rapid increase in the rates of ischemic heart disease was observed, to the extent that Singapore exhibits one of the highest rates of mortality from cardiovascular disease in the Asia-Pacific region, higher even than the rates in North America. Rates of cardiovascular disease have now stabilized, and are declining. This is, a pattern that has been observed in many developed countries. Increased life expectancy has resulted in an epidemiologic transition that has seen chronic non-communicable diseases replace malnutrition and infections as the major causes of mortality. At the same time, there have been changes in nutrient intake and physical activity as well as rapid increases in the levels of several cardiovascular risk factors including obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus and systemic inflammation. Furthermore, when present, there is a lack of awareness and sub-optimal treatment of these risk factors. In addition to the changes in environmental exposures related to socio-economic development, it does appear that specific populations are particularly prone to the development of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors. In particular, Asian Indians experience a high rate of coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus. Emerging data suggests that Chinese may be particularly prone to the adverse effects of obesity in relation to insulin resistance and inflammation. A concerted effort to change lifestyles to prevent the development of coronary heart disease risk factors, and to improve awareness and treatment of risk factors when then develop, is required to halt the epidemic of coronary heart disease that is occurring in Asia.J Atheroscler Thromb, 2014; 21:S2-S8.

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Lipids and coronary heart disease in Asia

Cited by 70 publications

References 31 publications

Epidemiology of Stroke and Coronary Artery Disease in Asia

Epidemiology of Stroke and Coronary Artery Disease in Asia

Urban expansion and its consumption of high-quality farmland in Beijing, China

Trends in the Incidence and Mortality of Coronary Heart Disease in Asian Pacific Region

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