Lipids and fatty acid composition in the crustacean model organismArtemiasp. as influenced by poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) supplementation

Abstract

In marine invertebrates, lipids are the predominant organic reserve (Sánchez-Paz et al., 2006). It has energetic and structural functions during embryonic and early larval development (Mourente, Medina, Gonzalez, & Rodriguez, 1995). Aside from these, lipids are also known to act as energy reserve and are needed for the maintenance and integrity of cellular membranes and serve as precursors for metabolic regulators such as prostaglandins, thromboxans and prostacyclins, hormones that promote maturation and moulting

Polyhydroxyalkanoates for Sustainable Aquaculture: A Review of Recent Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directions

“…185 It is hypothesized that PHB, a biopolymer of SCFAs (3-HB and butyrate), can serve as an energy source for aquatic animals. The lipid-saving effect of PHB has been previously confirmed with brine shrimp 153 and Nile tilapia, 29,152 reporting higher lipid and whole-body contents. Furthermore, feeding crystalline PHB has been shown to prolong the survival of Artemia in starvation challenge tests, confirming the energy source hypothesis.…”

“…32,116 Moreover, amorphus PHA contains other cell nutrients (e.g., proteins, lipids, and minerals) 60 that are likely to elicit additional energy, lipid deposition, and immune responses in aquatic animals. 29,152,153 Furthermore, PHA-rich SCPs could simultaneously address several aquaculture challenges with sustainability and environmental concerns tied to waste management, expensive aquafeed, and disease outbreaks. By cultivating PHA-producing SCPs on aquaculture wastewater/wastes as substrates, waste could be converted into PHA-rich SCPs, partially replacing aquafeed.…”

“…Supplementing aquafeed with different PHA, particularly PHB, in crystalline form (i.e., extracted from microbial SCPs) or amorphous form (i.e., PHB-containing SCPs) has been shown to improve the growth of aquatic animals , and the disease resistance of many fish species ,, and crustaceans. ,,, Table provides an overview of PHA application and its effects on different aquatic animals. The major advantage of supplementing amorphus PHB (i.e., PHB-containing SCPs) is that it avoids the application of toxic solvents to extract and purify PHB from microorganism cells. , Amorphus PHB is also accompanied by other cell nutrients (e.g., proteins, lipids, and minerals) that are likely to elicit additional energy, lipid deposition, and immune response in aquatic animals. ,, Furthermore, amorphous PHB particles have a smaller size and lower crystallinity than crystalline PHB particles, making them more susceptible to enzymatic and microbial biodegradation . Examples of PHB-accumulating microorganisms that were applied to aquafeeds are C. necator (previously known as A. eutrophus H16), ,,, Halomonas spp., Brevibacterium casei MSI04, Bacillus sp.…”

“…28,56 Amorphus PHB is also accompanied by other cell nutrients (e.g., proteins, lipids, and minerals) 60 that are likely to elicit additional energy, lipid deposition, and immune response in aquatic animals. 29,152,153 Furthermore, amorphous PHB particles have a smaller size and lower crystallinity than crystalline PHB particles, making them more susceptible to enzymatic and microbial biodegradation. 20 Examples of PHB-accumulating microorganisms that were applied to aquafeeds are C. necator (previously known as A. eutrophus H16), 28,36,48,49 Halomonas spp., 39 Brevibacterium casei MSI04, 50 Bacillus sp.…”

“…The advantage of using PHA-rich SCPs is that they may have a higher chance of success in aquaculture, where minor variations in polymer properties are not problematic. In fact, longer-chain PHA (MCL-PHA), after biodegrading into intermediates/MCFAs, demonstrates promise as a replacement for antibiotics, with stronger inhibitory activities against aquaculture pathogens. , Moreover, amorphus PHA contains other cell nutrients (e.g., proteins, lipids, and minerals) that are likely to elicit additional energy, lipid deposition, and immune responses in aquatic animals. ,, …”