Lipids and Fatty Acids in Human Milk: Benefits and Analysis

Visentainer, Jesuí Vergílio; Santos, Oscar Oliveira; Maldaner, Liane; Zappielo, Caroline D.; Néia, Vanessa Javera Castanheira; Visentainer, Lorena; Pelissari, Luciana; Pizzo, Jéssica S.; Rydlewski, Adriela Albino; Silveira, Roberta da; Galuch, Marília B.; Visentainer, Jeane Laguila

doi:10.5772/intechopen.80429

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…In addition, TFAs have been associated with adverse effects with respect to essential fatty acid and long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) metabolism in humans [34], oxidative stress, and infant development [35]. Similar to the previous Ulm birth cohort study [9] and earlier studies [36] in which researchers reported inverse correlations between TFAs and various n-3 and n-6 PUFAs, this fatty acid sub-compositional group comprising TFAs had loadings that are in the opposite direction of the n-3/n-6 dominated sub-compositional group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Human Milk Fatty Acid Composition during Lactation: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study

et al. 2019

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The lipid fraction of human milk provides the infant with the fatty acids that are necessary for optimal growth and development. The aim of this study was to investigate the fatty acid composition of human milk at three time points during lactation and its change over time using appropriate statistical methods. Human milk samples from breastfeeding mothers at 6 weeks (n = 706), 6 months (n = 483), and 12 months (n = 81 with all three time points) were analyzed. Centered log-ratio (clr) transformation was applied to the fatty acid data. Principal component analysis (PCA) and generalized linear model-based repeated measure analysis were used to assess changes over time. The total lipid content was significantly higher at 6 months (β = 0.199, p < 0.029) and 12 months of lactation (β = 0.421, p < 0.001). The constituents of C20:3n-6 and C20:3n-3 were lower at 6 months (p < 0.001). Four distinct sub-compositional fatty acid groups were only identified at 12 months of lactation. The inclusion of small fatty acids of small constituent size in the analysis resulted in a shift in the balance between fatty acid constituents. Human milk fatty acid composition during prolonged lactation is different from that of human milk during a short duration of lactation. Our findings support the hypothesis that a combination of multiple fatty acids is important in fatty acid profiling beyond the presentation of individual fatty acids. Furthermore, the high variability of small fatty acids warrants attention because a compositional analysis may show more pronounced changes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Human Milk Fatty Acid Composition during Lactation: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study

et al. 2019

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“…In our study population, the intake of milk and calcium [21] was far below the recommendations [26]. We showed that the intake of milk and dairy products was positively associated with SFAs in HM and negatively associated with HM MUFAs, n-6 PUFAs, LA and EPA, that is, mostly associated with changes toward a less healthy HM FA composition [38]. Meat/poultry and eggs were other foods that were negatively associated with n-6 PUFAs, LA, and/or EPA in HM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Dietary Intake of Chinese Lactating Women Is Associated with the Fatty Acid Profile of Their Milk

Sousa

Wang

et al. 2021

Ann Nutr Metab

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Introduction: The present study aimed to explore the relationship between the dietary intake and the human milk (HM) fatty acid (FA) profile of Chinese lactating women. Methods: HM samples and food records were obtained from 122 Chinese women over 5 visits between 0 and 51 days postpartum. Adjusted multiple regression was performed to explore associations between maternal dietary intakes of energy, macronutrients, FAs and foods, and the HM FA profile. Analyses were performed separately for colostrum and mature milk. Results: Dietary intakes of total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid were positively associated with the HM contents of PUFAs, omega-6 (n-6) PUFAs, and linoleic acid (LA), and the intakes of n-3 PUFAs and α-linolenic acid (ALA) were negatively associated with saturated FA levels in HM. Associations were stronger for mature milk. Intakes of milk/dairy, meat/poultry, and eggs were negatively associated with n-6 PUFAs, LA, and EPA in mature milk, whereas the opposite was seen for fish/shrimp. Positive associations were also found between fish/shrimp and total and n-3 PUFAs in mature milk. Conclusion: The HM FA profile of Chinese women is associated with their diet, and in particular with their FA intake. Tailored nutritional advice based on HM FA composition may optimize HM FA profile and thereby contribute to healthy infant development.

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“…It is possible that bacterial inoculants did not grow in the reconstituted irradiated FD-DHM powder due to the minimal impact of freeze-drying [ 40 ] and gamma-irradiation on the bile-salt-stimulated lipase activity and, hence, its preservation in the reconstituted samples [ 43 ]. Lipase increases lipid hydrolysis, thus increasing free fatty acids and monoglycerides, both known to have strong antimicrobial properties [ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ]. More recently, we have found an elevated level of free fatty acids in the volatiles of irradiated samples compared to raw and Holder-pasteurised DHM (unpublished data).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Thermal Pasteurisation, Freeze-Drying, and Gamma-Irradiation on the Antibacterial Properties of Donor Human Milk

Blackshaw

Valtchev

et al. 2021

Foods

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The most common pasteurisation method used by human milk banks is Holder pasteurisation. This involves thermal processing, which can denature important proteins and can potentially reduce the natural antimicrobial properties found in human milk. This study assesses the application of a hybrid method comprised of freeze-drying followed by low-dose gamma-irradiation for nonthermal donor human milk pasteurisation. Freeze-drying donor human milk followed by gamma-irradiation at 2 kGy was as efficient as Holder pasteurisation in the reduction of bacterial inoculants of Staphylococcus aureus (106 cfu/mL) and Salmonella typhimurium (106 cfu/mL) in growth inhibition assays. These assays also demonstrated that human milk naturally inhibits the growth of bacterial inoculants S. aureus, S. typhimurium, and Escherichia coli. Freeze drying (without gamma-irradiation) did not significantly reduce this natural growth inhibition. By contrast, Holder pasteurisation significantly reduced the milk’s natural antimicrobial effect on S. aureus growth after 6 h (−19.8% p = 0.01). Freeze-dried and then gamma-irradiated donor human milk showed a strong antimicrobial effect across a dose range of 2–50 kGy, with only a minimal growth of S. aureus observed after 6 h incubation. Thus, a hybrid method of freeze-drying followed by 2 kGy of gamma-irradiation preserves antimicrobial properties and enables bulk pasteurisation within sealed packaging of powderised donor human milk. This work forwards a goal of increasing shelf life and simplifying storage and transportation, while also preserving functionality and antimicrobial properties.

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Lipids and Fatty Acids in Human Milk: Benefits and Analysis

Cited by 24 publications

References 101 publications

Changes in Human Milk Fatty Acid Composition during Lactation: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study

Changes in Human Milk Fatty Acid Composition during Lactation: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study

Dietary Intake of Chinese Lactating Women Is Associated with the Fatty Acid Profile of Their Milk

The Effects of Thermal Pasteurisation, Freeze-Drying, and Gamma-Irradiation on the Antibacterial Properties of Donor Human Milk

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