Lipids and fatty acids in ice algae and phytoplankton from the Marginal Ice Zone in the Barents Sea

Falk‐Petersen, Stig; Sargent, J. R.; Henderson, J. R.; Hegseth, Else Nøst; Hop, Haakon; Okolodkov, Yuri B.

doi:10.1007/s003000050274

Cited by 153 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In our summer and autumn data, this is reflected in very high concentrations of the 16:1(n-7) fatty acid, which is a typical component of diatoms (Graeve et al 1994, Falk-Petersen et al 1998, and low values for the isomer ratio 18:1(n-9)/ 18:1(n-7), which has been proposed as a relative index of carnivory (Graeve et al 1997. In winter, when ice algae are scarce, A. glacialis seems to rely at least partly on the catabolism of stored lipids as an energy source.…”

Section: Food Feeding and Overwintering Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 77%

Seasonal variability in abundance, respiration and lipid composition of Arctic under-ice amphipods

Werner¹,

Auel²

2005

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The Arctic under-ice amphipods Apherusa glacialis, Onisimus glacialis, O. nanseni andGammarus wilkitzkii are autochthonous below the pack ice, i.e. they occur in this habitat during all seasons. In this study, seasonal dynamics in abundance were only evident in A. glacialis. Respiration rates did not differ significantly between summer and winter in any species, indicating that the under-ice habitat is a comparatively stable environment in terms of seasonal variations. The assessment of total lipids and fatty acid biomarkers revealed differences in feeding behaviour and overwintering strategy among the amphipod species. A. glacialis is strictly herbivorous, feeding on ice-algae at the underside of the ice during the productive season. The species overwinters in an active state, fuelled at least partly by internal lipid reserves stored during summer. O. glacialis switches from a predominantly herbivorous diet in summer to metazoan prey, including planktonic copepods, in winter, so that lipid catabolism is less important to winter survival. The congener O. nanseni relies on an opportunistic omnivorous diet throughout the year, with a higher proportion of metazoan prey during summer compared to O. glacialis. G. wilkitzkii is able to exploit a wide spectrum of food sources, from predominantly ice algae in summer to more ice fauna and planktonic copepods in winter. This species partly meets its energy requirements by using internal lipid reserves during winter.

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Section: Food Feeding and Overwintering Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 77%

Seasonal variability in abundance, respiration and lipid composition of Arctic under-ice amphipods

Werner¹,

Auel²

2005

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…The FA composition analysis revealed high PUFA concentrations in all treatments. FA composition in cultures and natural algal communities in polar oceans have shown PUFA proportions of approximately 20-60 % of the total FA content (Fahl and Kattner, 1993;Falk-Petersen et al, 1998;Teoh et al, 2004;Leu et al, 2006). However, PUFA in N. lectonei represented 94-98 % of the FAs at −1.8 • C. Significantly lower PUFA proportions were measured at 2.5 • C; 81.5 % at ∼ 390 µatm and 84.5 % at ∼ 960 µatm pCO 2 , reflecting the importance of PUFA as a cold adaption and illustrating the ecological role of N. lectonei, as it is considered a high-quality food source for grazers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergism between elevated pCO2 and temperature on the Antarctic sea ice diatom Nitzschia lecointei

et al. 2013

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Abstract. Polar oceans are particularly susceptible to ocean acidification and warming. Diatoms play a significant role in sea ice biogeochemistry and provide an important food source to grazers in ice-covered oceans, especially during early spring. However, the ecophysiology of ice-living organisms has received little attention in terms of ocean acidification. In this study, the synergism between temperature and partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ) was investigated in relationship to the optimal growth temperature of the Antarctic sea ice diatom Nitzschia lecointei. Diatoms were kept in cultures at controlled levels of pCO 2 (∼ 390 and ∼ 960 µatm) and temperature (−1.8 and 2.5 • C) for 14 days. Synergism between temperature and pCO 2 was detected in growth rate and acyl lipid fatty acid (FA) content. Optimal growth rate was observed around 5 • C in a separate experiment. Carbon enrichment only promoted (6 %) growth rate closer to the optimal growth, but not at the control temperature (−1.8 • C). At −1.8 • C and at ∼ 960 µatm pCO 2 , the total FA content was reduced relative to the ∼ 390 µatm treatment, although no difference between pCO 2 treatments was observed at 2.5 • C. A large proportion (97 %) of the total FAs comprised on average of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) at −1.8 • C. Cellular PUFA content was reduced at ∼ 960 relative to ∼ 390 µatm pCO 2 . Effects of carbon enrichment may be different depending on ocean warming scenario or season, e.g. reduced cellular FA content in response to elevated CO 2 at low temperatures only, reflected as reduced food quality for higher trophic levels. Synergy between warming and acidification may be particularly important in polar areas since a narrow thermal window generally limits cold-water organisms.

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“…Lipids are the most energy-rich macromolecules, with approximately double the caloric value of proteins and carbohydrates (Whyte, 1987). Organisms such as juvenile krill depend on these rich sources of lipids for growth and productivity, particularly during the long, winter months (Falk-Petersen et al, 1998;Mock and Kroon, 2002;Lee et al, 2008). However, with predicted reductions in the duration, extent and thickness of sea ice expected with future warming, the physico-chemical conditions that currently drive this large allocation of energy into lipids stores, may alter, causing a shift in cellular resource allocation.…”

Section: Nutrients and Macromolecular Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate

Petrou

Kranz

Trimborn

et al. 2016

Journal of Plant Physiology

119

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Please cite this article in press as: Petrou, K., et al., Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate. J Plant Physiol (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2016.05.004 ARTICLE IN PRESS a b s t r a c tThe Southern Ocean (SO) is a major sink for anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), potentially harbouring even greater potential for additional sequestration of CO 2 through enhanced phytoplankton productivity. In the SO, primary productivity is primarily driven by bottom up processes (physical and chemical conditions) which are spatially and temporally heterogeneous. Due to a paucity of trace metals (such as iron) and high variability in light, much of the SO is characterised by an ecological paradox of high macronutrient concentrations yet uncharacteristically low chlorophyll concentrations. It is expected that with increased anthropogenic CO 2 emissions and the coincident warming, the major physical and chemical process that govern the SO will alter, influencing the biological capacity and functioning of the ecosystem. This review focuses on the SO primary producers and the bottom up processes that underpin their health and productivity. It looks at the major physico-chemical drivers of change in the SO, and based on current physiological knowledge, explores how these changes will likely manifest in phytoplankton, specifically, what are the physiological changes and floristic shifts that are likely to ensue and how this may translate into changes in the carbon sink capacity, net primary productivity and functionality of the SO.

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Lipids and fatty acids in ice algae and phytoplankton from the Marginal Ice Zone in the Barents Sea

Cited by 153 publications

References 24 publications

Seasonal variability in abundance, respiration and lipid composition of Arctic under-ice amphipods

Seasonal variability in abundance, respiration and lipid composition of Arctic under-ice amphipods

Synergism between elevated <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> and temperature on the Antarctic sea ice diatom <i>Nitzschia lecointei</i>

Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate

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Lipids and fatty acids in ice algae and phytoplankton from the Marginal Ice Zone in the Barents Sea

Cited by 153 publications

References 24 publications

Seasonal variability in abundance, respiration and lipid composition of Arctic under-ice amphipods

Seasonal variability in abundance, respiration and lipid composition of Arctic under-ice amphipods

Synergism between elevated &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and temperature on the Antarctic sea ice diatom &lt;i&gt;Nitzschia lecointei&lt;/i&gt;

Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate

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Synergism between elevated <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> and temperature on the Antarctic sea ice diatom <i>Nitzschia lecointei</i>