Lipids and lipid metabolism in eukaryotic algae

Guschina, Irina A.; Harwood, John L.

doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2006.01.001

Cited by 914 publications

(651 citation statements)

References 149 publications

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“…It has been proposed that very long PUFA-rich TAGs may occur as the result of 'acyl shuttle' between diacyl glycerol and/or TAG and phospholipid in situations where PUFAs are formed (Kamisaka et al, 1999). The biosynthesis of very long PUFAs is beyond the scope of the current review, but has been reviewed in detail elsewhere (Certik and Shimizu, 1999;Guschina and Harwood, 2006).…”

Section: Triacylglycerol Biosynthesismentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The ability of algae to survive or proliferate over a wide range of environmental conditions is, to a large extent, reflected in the tremendous diversity and sometimes unusual pattern of cellular lipids as well as the ability to modify lipid metabolism efficiently in response to changes in environmental conditions (Guschina and Harwood, 2006;Thompson, 1996;Wada and Murata, 1998). The lipids may include, but are not limited to, neutral lipids, polar lipids, wax esters, sterols and hydrocarbons, as well as prenyl derivatives such as tocopherols, carotenoids, terpenes, quinones and phytylated pyrrole derivatives such as the chlorophylls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances

et al. 2008

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SummaryMicroalgae represent an exceptionally diverse but highly specialized group of micro-organisms adapted to various ecological habitats. Many microalgae have the ability to produce substantial amounts (e.g. 20-50% dry cell weight) of triacylglycerols (TAG) as a storage lipid under photo-oxidative stress or other adverse environmental conditions. Fatty acids, the building blocks for TAGs and all other cellular lipids, are synthesized in the chloroplast using a single set of enzymes, of which acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is key in regulating fatty acid synthesis rates. However, the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis is poorly understood in microalgae. Synthesis and sequestration of TAG into cytosolic lipid bodies appear to be a protective mechanism by which algal cells cope with stress conditions, but little is known about regulation of TAG formation at the molecular and cellular level. While the concept of using microalgae as an alternative and renewable source of lipid-rich biomass feedstock for biofuels has been explored over the past few decades, a scalable, commercially viable system has yet to emerge. Today, the production of algal oil is primarily confined to high-value specialty oils with nutritional value, rather than commodity oils for biofuel. This review provides a brief summary of the current knowledge on oleaginous algae and their fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis, algal model systems and genomic approaches to a better understanding of TAG production, and a historical perspective and path forward for microalgae-based biofuel research and commercialization.

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Section: Triacylglycerol Biosynthesismentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances

et al. 2008

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“…LC-PUFA content and composition may show significant differences between and within algal classes. Each algal class has roughly its own fatty acid composition, and the EPA-DHA content between algal classes is highly variable (Guschina and Harwood 2006;Lv et al 2010;Boelen et al 2013). For a cost-effective production of nutrient-rich marine microalgae, with high levels of EPA and/or DHA, it is necessary to select highly productive strains while optimizing cultivation conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth phase significantly decreases the DHA-to-EPA ratio in marine microalgae

et al. 2016

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Microalgae are the principal producers of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in marine ecosystems. Algae are used in aquaculture systems as direct or indirect feed for zooplankton, filter-feeding mollusks and larval stages of crustaceans and fish. Therefore, it is necessary to select nutrient-rich strains, with high levels of EPA and/or DHA, preferably during the stage of rapid growth. During the course of algal growth (exponential to stationary phase), many microalgal species accumulate lipids, especially triacylglycerols. However, relatively little is known about the effect of growth phase on LC-PUFA accumulation. In the present study, absolute and relative EPA and DHA levels of seven representative species of marine microalgae were determined during different growth phases in batch culture. Four species (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Thalassiosira weissflogii, Thalassiosira pseudonana and Rhodomonas salina) accumulated fatty acids during growth. In all these species, intracellular EPA levels were higher during the late stationary growth phase than during exponential growth. In contrast, an increase in DHA content was not observed and therefore the DHA-to-EPA ratio was significantly lower in late stationary phase cultures. These results can be used to improve the nutritional value of microalgae cultivated for application in marine aquaculture systems.

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“…Moreover an alga has the potential to survive and manipulate the lipid metabolic pathways under varying physiochemical conditions (Mohammed et al, 2013). Stress conditions such as nitrogen deprivation and ferrous sulfate treatment resulted in high lipid generation in Chlorella Vulgaris (Guschina and Harwood, 2006). Various physiochemical parameters are known to influence the lipid content of microalgae such as light intensity, pH, salinity, temperature, nitrogen, salinity etc (Behnaz et al, 2013;Yeesang and Cheirsilp, 2011;Liang et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Salinity, pH, Light Intensity on Growth and Lipid Production of Microalgae for Bioenergy Application

Prakash¹,

Gautom²,

Sharma³

2015

OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences

104

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The crisis of energy producing molecules (fuels) is expected to increase in future, which is currently produced from crude mineral oil. Biodiesel is most reliable, non-toxic, biocompatible liquid fuel that can replace the existing unsustainable sources of energy. Among all the known sources, microalgae display high potential for the production of biodiesel owing to their numerous benefits like higher biomass productivities than plants, no agricultural land requirement, cultivation in waste water and accumulation of 20-50% triacylglycerols. Microalgae biomass and lipid content plays an important role in commercial production of biodiesel. The present work was carried out to develop an axenic culture of a potential microalga Chlorella sp. for high biomass and enhanced lipid accumulation. The important growth parameters like pH, light colour, light intensity and photoperiod were studied for better production of Chlorella biomass. The effect of salinity on cell growth was also studied and compared with normal Fogg's medium grown cells. The main biomolecules like carbohydrate, protein, lipid and chlorophyll content were also estimated with the help of standard biochemical methods in salt supplemented and without salt Fogg's medium. The cellular lipid content was increased by growing the cells under different salt concentrations. The micro algal strain showed highest growth of 0.822 g L −1 and 1.021g L −1 in Fogg's medium and under 0.2 M NaCl supplemented medium respectively. However, the maximum lipid production of 0.1842 g L −1 was estimated by growing the cells in Fogg's medium including 0.5 M NaCl with slight compromise in cell growth (0.858 g L −1 ). The lipid content of Chlorella sp. was found to be 26.84% as compared to 14% obtained under normal culture condition. Thus, growing Chlorella sp. under salt supplemented medium and optimizing light requirement will produce high biomass and oil for biodiesel production.

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Lipids and lipid metabolism in eukaryotic algae

Cited by 914 publications

References 149 publications

Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances

Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances

Growth phase significantly decreases the DHA-to-EPA ratio in marine microalgae

Effect of Salinity, pH, Light Intensity on Growth and Lipid Production of Microalgae for Bioenergy Application

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