Lipids of in Vivo and in Vitro Cultured Heterorhabditis bacteriophora

Entomopathogenic nematodes for the management of Agrotis ipsilon: effect of instar, nematode species and nematode production method

“…The results were confirmed by using EPNs of the same batch for both in vivo and in vitro but with differing ages, and by using different batches of a given product for in vitro and in vivo but similar ages. The difference in efficacy of EPN produced using different methods may be affected by EPN species, host type and culture quality 41, 42…”

Insect cellular and chemical limitations to pathogen development: the Colorado potato beetle, the nematode Heterorhabditis marelatus, and its symbiotic bacteria

“…Host insect lipid content corresponded positively to level of nematode progeny production in vivo (Epsky and Capinera, 1994). In vitro work has reinforced the importance of lipid form as a limiting factor in nematode development (Abu Hatab and Gaugler, 1999). Nutrient availability may be especially important for multi-tiered pathogen systems such as entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria, in which both the bacterium and the nematode must obtain adequate nutrients for successful reproduction and spread to a new host.…”

Submerged Monoxenic Culture Medium Development for Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and its Symbiotic Bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens: Protein Sources

“…Soy flour was the best, producing more bacterial cell number (1.4×10 9 /ml) than all other sources. The significance of quality and mass of symbiotic bacteria has been greatly recognized in the EPN production industry because higher quality and mass of symbiotic bacteria improve the yield and productivity of nematodes [2,17]. We found that soy flour as a protein source supported the best growth of symbiotic bacteria.…”