Lipoprotein subfractions of runners and sedentary men

Williams, Paul T.; Krauss, Ronald M.; Wood, Peter D.; Lindgren, Frank T.; Giotas, C.; Vranizan, Karen

doi:10.1016/0026-0495(86)90094-6

Cited by 136 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…For example, we estimate that 45 participants would be required in each group to give a 90% probability at the 5% level of significance of detecting differences of 0.8±0.96 mmol l À1 in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration. [43][44][45] Our findings are in keeping with prospective studies suggesting that 'optimal' BMI is around 23 in young, white runners 46 and young white men in the general population; 47 but, these findings cannot be generalized to women, older adults and other groups. Cross-sectional data cannot be used to infer causality, but several randomized, controlled trials have found that aerobic exercise is accompanied by preferential reductions in visceral adipose tissue.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Fat distribution in men of different waist girth, fitness level and exercise habit

et al. 2009

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Background: The risk of chronic disease is lower in obese men who are fit and active than obese men who are unfit and inactive. Methods/Objectives: Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy were used to assess total and regional adipose tissue in 13 men who were slim, fit and active (the slim-fit), in 12 men who were slim, unfit and inactive (the slim-unfit), in 13 men who were fat, fit and active (the fat-fit) and in 12 men who were fat, unfit and inactive (the fat-unfit), in order to investigate the hypothesis that visceral fat and liver fat are lower in the fat-fit than the fat-unfit. Waist girth was used to distinguish slim men (p90 cm) and fat men (X100 cm). Maximal oxygen consumption was used to identify fit men (above average for age) and unfit men (average or below for age). Fit men reported at least 60 min of vigorous aerobic activity per week and unfit men reported no regular moderate or vigorous activity in the last 2 years. Results: Total fat was not significantly different in the slim-fit and the slim unfit, but the proportion of internal fat was significantly lower (Po0.05) and the proportion of visceral fat was almost significantly lower (P ¼ 0.06) in the slim-fit than all other groups. Total fat was not significantly different in the fat-fit and the fat-unfit, but visceral fat and liver fat were significantly lower in the fat-fit than the fat-unfit (Po0.01). Waist girth and years of exercise explained 84% of the variance in total fat, waist girth and maximal oxygen consumption explained 70% of the variance in visceral fat, and waist girth alone explained 25% of the variance in liver fat. Conclusion: Chronic disease risk may be lower because visceral fat and liver fat are lower in men who are fat, fit and active.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Fat distribution in men of different waist girth, fitness level and exercise habit

et al. 2009

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“…Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was chosen as the primary outcome variable, and cross-sectional data suggest that LDL-C concentration is around 0.8 mmol·L −1 lower in habitual exercisers than sedentary men [26,27] and that the standard deviation in LDL-C concentration is around 0.96 mmol·L −1 [28]. Thus, the standardized difference is 0.8/0.96 = 0.83.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatness, fitness, and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged white men

et al. 2012

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The objective was to test the hypothesis that traditional and novel cardiometabolic risk factors would be significantly different in groups of men of different fatness and fitness.Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltransferase, leptin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, fibrinogen, and insulin resistance were assessed in 183 nonsmoking white men aged 35 to 53 years, including 62 who were slim and fit (waist girth ≤90 cm and maximal oxygen consumption [VO 2 max] above average), 24 who were slim and unfit (waist girth ≤90 cm and VO 2 max average or below), 39 who were fat and fit (waist girth ≥100 cm and VO 2 max above average), and 19 who were fat and unfit (waist girth ≥100 cm and VO 2 max average or below). Seventy-six percent gave blood on 2 occasions, and the average of 1 or 2 blood tests was used in statistical tests. Waist girth (centimeters) and fitness (milliliters of oxygen per kilogram of fat-free mass) were associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, leptin, and insulin resistance after adjustment for age, saturated fat intake, and total energy intake. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, and insulin resistance were significantly different in men who were fat and fit and those who were fat and unfit. These data suggest that differences in lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, liver function, and insulin resistance may explain why the risks of chronic disease are lower in men who are fat and fit than those who are fat and unfit. © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. IntroductionObesity is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus [1,2]; however, the risks of chronic disease are lower in obese men with moderate to high levels of aerobic fitness [3,4]. Total cholesterol concentration, blood pressure, and other traditional risk factors may not explain why the risks of chronic disease are lower in men who are fat and fit than men who are fat and unfit [3]. Therefore, we assessed traditional [5] and novel [6,7] cardiometabolic risk factors in the present study, including adipokines [7], markers of inflammation [6][7][8][9], and markers of liver damage [10][11][12]. We hypothesized that fatness and fitness would be related to cardiometabolic risk factors, and we hypothesized that traditional and novel risk factors would be significantly different in groups of different fatness and

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“…Nevertheless, these relationships are consistent with differences observed cross-sectionally when lean longdistance runners were compared to less lean sedentary men. 5 Change in large LDL may have shown no significant relationships with distance run and weight loss because measurements of large LDL are less reproducible than those for small LDL (see Appendix). Large LDL may be more variable over repeated measurements because there may be a greater number of metabolic parameters affecting large LDL levels, including rate of synthesis from LDL precursors (small VLDL and IDL), rate of conversion to small LDL, rate of uptake by hepatic receptors, and rate of exchange of large LDL between the vascular and extravascular spaces.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of exercise-induced weight loss on low density lipoprotein subfractions in healthy men.

et al. 1989

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One-year changes In low density lipoprotein (LOL) peak flotation (SO rate and serum mass concentrations of LDL of S, 0 to 7 (small LDL), LOL of S, 7 to 12 (large LDL), Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) of S, 12 to 20, and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) of S, 20 to 400 were compared between men assigned at random to a 1-year exercise program (N=48) or to a sedentary control condition (N=31). Distance run among exercisers varied substantially (mean±SD: 12.7±8.9 km/week). Mean changes were not significantly different between the exercise and control groups for any of the low to very low density lipoprotein measurements. However, within the exercise group: 1) distance run correlated negatively with changes In the mass concentrations of small LDL; and 2) weight loss and reduced upper body obesity correlated positively with changes In small LDL, IDL, and VLDL mass and negatively with change in LDL peak flotation rate. Analyses with partial correlations suggest that weight loss may primarily affect LDL mass distributions through metabolic processes associated with high density llpoprotelrtj or small VLDL (S, 20 to 60). The decrease in small LDL concentrations and the Increase In LDL peak flotation rate suggest that exercise-Induced weight loss may be effective In reducing coronary heart disease risk In persons genetically predisposed to a high-risk lipoprotein profile. (Arteriosclerosis 9:623-632, September/October 1989) N umerous studies have shown that running increases concentrations of plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL), and particularly the HDU subclass.1 However, the effects of running on low density lipoproteins (LDL) and LDL subclasses have not been clearly established. Several studies link high serum concentrations of smaller, denser LDL particles with coronary heart disease. Increased concentrations of small LDL were associated with coronary disease progression in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Type II Coronary Intervention Study.2 In another study, there were higher concentrations of small LDL in patients with premature coronary heart disease than in matched controls.3 There is also a predominance of small, dense LDL particles in patients with familial combined hyperiipidemia. 4 We have shown in a previous cross-sectional study that runners have lower serum concentrations of small LDL particles of flotation rate (Sf) 0 to 7 and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles of S, 20 to 400 than nonrunners. 8 Although not originally reported, LDL peak flo- tation rate was also higher in the runners (mean ± SD: 6.68±0.94 S,) than in the sedentary men (5.72 ± 0.86 S(, p<0.005). Alone, these cross-sectional observations do not distinguish lipoprotein changes due to exercise from lipoprotein differences due to self-selection. For example, there may be a tendency for men who have higher HDL cholesterol and lower triglyceride concentrations in plasma to take up running as a sport. 6We have previously shown that HDL cholesterol and HDL 2 mass concentrations increased in association with e...

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Lipoprotein subfractions of runners and sedentary men

Cited by 136 publications

References 37 publications

Fat distribution in men of different waist girth, fitness level and exercise habit

Fat distribution in men of different waist girth, fitness level and exercise habit

Fatness, fitness, and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged white men

Effects of exercise-induced weight loss on low density lipoprotein subfractions in healthy men.

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