Liposomal Encapsulation of Carvacrol to Obtain Active Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Films

Abstract

Lecithins of different origins and compositions were used for the liposomal encapsulation of carvacrol within the framework of the development of active films for food packaging. Liposomes were incorporated into aqueous polymeric solutions from fully (F) and partially (P) hydrolysed Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to obtain the films by casting. The particle size distribution and ζ-potential of the liposomal suspensions, as well as their stability over time, were evaluated. Liposomal stability during film formation was analysed through the carvacrol retention in the dried film and the film microstructure. Subtle variations in the size distributions of liposomes from different lecithins were observed. However, the absolute values of the ζ-potential were higher (−52, −57 mV) for soy lecithin (SL) liposomes, followed by those of soy lecithin enriched with phosphatidylcholine (SL-PC) (−43, −50 mV) and sunflower lecithin (SFL) (−33, −38 mV). No significant changes in the liposomal properties were observed during the study period. Lyotropic mesomorphism of lipid associations and carvacrol leakage occurred to differing extents during the film drying step, depending on the membrane lipid composition and surface charge. Liposomes obtained with SL-PC were the most effective at maintaining the stability of carvacrol emulsion during film formation, which led to the greatest carvacrol retention in the films, whereas SFL gave rise to the least stable system and the highest carvacrol losses. P-PVA was less sensitive to the emulsion destabilisation due to its greater bonding capacity with carvacrol. Therefore, P-PVA with carvacrol-loaded SL-PC liposomes has great potential to produce active films for food packaging applications.

Effect of carvacrol on properties and release behavior of gelatin‐egg white protein/polyethylene bilayer film

“…This phenomenon was due to the fact that CA had the surfactant-like activity and was well dispersed in the FFS of G/EW (Kavoosi et al, 2018). The O-H group of CA interacted with protein molecules to form hydrogen bonds, which reduced the aggregation of protein molecules, thereby reducing the size of protein molecules (Andrade, Gonzalez-Martinez, & Chiralt, 2021). Some studies have shown that the particle size of chitosan and HPMC could be reduced by adding cinnamaldehyde and tea tree oil (Sanchez-Gonzalez, Chiralt, Gonzalez-Martinez, & Chafer, 2011).…”

Enrichment of cornstarch with curcumin and vitamin D>sub<3>/sub< coencapsulated in lyophilized liposomes using high shear wet agglomeration

“…Using alkaline media, repulsive forces between the phospholipid molecules became strongly prevalent, further reducing the final size of the vesicles. Regarding PDI, the higher values obtained at pH 3 revealed the presence of aggregates due to partial coalescence (Andrade, González-Martinez, & Chiralt, 2021). Despite this fact, the PDI values for the formulations were approximately 0.30, demonstrating the stability of the systems.…”

Biodegradable materials based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity for food packaging applications

“…PVA films can be obtained by casting the polymer solution or by thermo-processing, depending on their molecular characteristics (molecular weight and degree of chain acetylation) . PVA has the ability to incorporate a high variety of active compounds, such as carvacrol, ferulic and cinnamic acid, into its matrix to develop active films (Andrade et al, , 2021(Andrade et al, , 2021b. However, because of the high degree of hydroxylation of its molecular chain, the PVA-based materials are highly permeable to water vapour and have a high degree of water sensitivity and solubility.…”