“…The various local anesthetic delivery systems and their applications are summarized in Table 1 . In recent years, although domestic and foreign research in drug sustained-release formulations has made certain advancements, especially in the fields of antitumor drugs and antibiotics, and the FDA has also approved four types of local anesthetic-related retardant dosage forms, Exparel™, Xaracoll™, Posimir™, and Zynrelef™, for clinical applications, but their clinical translation still faces difficulties (Cusack et al., 2012 ; Hadj et al., 2012 ; Alijanipour et al., 2017 ; Amundson et al., 2017 ; Coppens et al., 2019 ; Velanovich et al., 2019 ; Nair et al., 2020 ; Blair, 2021 ; Chaurasiya et al., 2021 ; Leiman et al., 2021 ; Pedoto et al., 2021 ; Ekelund et al., 2022 ; Otremba et al., 2022 ; Gailey & Ostrum, 2023 ; Yu et al., 2023 ) ( Table 2 ). In recent years, local anesthetic control agents have also proliferated, such as mesoporous silica-coated gold nanorods controlled by infrared light and thermosensitive graphene oxide/chitosan-based nanocomposite hydrogels in local anesthetics; however, no FDA-approved local anesthetic control agents are available for clinical applications (Wang H et al., 2021 ; Al Homsi et al., 2022 ).…”