Liposome Vaccine for Active Regulation of Cellular and Humoral Immunity

Abstract

Despite significant progress in vaccine development, especially in the fight against viral infections, many unexplored areas remain including innovative adjuvants, diversification of vaccine formulations, and research into the coordination of humoral and cellular immune mechanisms induced by vaccines. Effective coordination of humoral and cellular immunity is crucial in vaccine design. In this study, we used the spike protein (S) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or ovalbumin (OVA) as antigen models and CpG DNA (an activator of toll-like receptor 9, TLR9) as an adjuvant to prepare a multitargeted liposome (LIPO) vaccine. Once equipped with the ability to target lymph nodes (LN) and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the LIPO vaccine significantly enhances the cross-presentation ability of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for exogenous antigens through the ER-associated protein degradation (ERSD) mechanism. Additionally, the vaccine could fine-tune the efficiency of ER-targeted antigen delivery, actively regulating the presentation of exogenous antigen proteins via the major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) or MHC-II pathways. Immune data from in vivo mouse experiments indicated that the LIPO vaccine effectively stimulated both humoral and cellular immune responses. Furthermore, it triggers immune protection by establishing a robust and persistent germinal center. Moreover, the multifunctionality of this LIPO vaccine extends to the fields of cancer, viruses, and bacteria, providing insights for skilled vaccine design and improvement.

Immunogenicity of Recombinant Lipid-Based Nanoparticle Vaccines: Danger Signal vs. Helping Hand

“…This also resulted in a robust CTL response, the generation of IFN-γ-secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and the production of Th1-type antibodies. In comparison to control groups, the total antibody levels were not significantly different, but a shift in the IgG1/IgG2a ratio to an IgG2a predominance was observed [ 70 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 , 167 ].…”