Liquefaction of oil palm empty fruit bunch using sub- and supercritical tetralin, n-dodecane, and their mixture

Koriakin, Anton; Moon, Seung‐Hyun; Kim, Doo Wook; Lee, Chang Ha

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2017.07.010

Cited by 20 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…For EFB, some examples are fluidized bed, spouted fluidized bed, transported bed, circulating fluid bed, rotating cone, vortex ablative, augur or screw, entrained flow, microwave, fixed bed, hydropyrolysis and vacuum reactor. The most commonly reported reactors for EFB pyrolysis are bubbling fluid beds [38,40,69,94], circulating fluid beds and transported bed [39,69,95,96], ablative pyrolysis [46,51,97], microwave pyrolysis [98], rotating cone reactor [99] and hydropyrolysis [100]. Table 5 lists the many types of pyrolysis reactors available.…”

Section: Types Of Reactorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review on Biofuels from Oil Palm Empty Bunch (EFB): Current Status, Potential, Barriers and Way Forward

2021

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Biomass is an important renewable energy resource which primarily contributes to heating and cooling end use sectors. It is also a promising alternative source of biofuels to replace the depleting supply of fossil fuels. Surprisingly, few writers have been able to draw on the feedstock significance for oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) as the biomass resource for biofuels compared to the other types of biomass waste. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive review of EFB as a biomass resource presented in four major parts. First, the introduction covers the demand for bio-oil and describes the different kinds of feedstock, the relevance and potential of EFB biomass. Second, the characteristics of biomass are explained before it is upgraded as biofuel, drawing similarities and contrasts between EFB and other sources of biomass. Pyrolysis processes and reactors used for EFB conversion are described, and the factors affecting the bio-oil yield and quality are discussed. Major reactor parameters are summarized and reactor optimization is discussed. Third, comparison on the properties of the bio-oil vs. petroleum in transportation, power generation, and heating are compared followed by prioritizing the bio-oil properties from the most to least critical, revealing the most promising methods for upgrading. Fourth, the environmental impact, including CO2 emission, of the use of EFB as a promising renewable energy resource and a cleaner alternative fuel is recommended. This paper has comprehensively reviewed the conversion of oil palm empty fruit bunches into biofuels, including the similarities and differences between biomasses, the best reactors, its comparison with fossil fuels, and bio-oil upgrading methods. The upgrading mapping matrix is created to present the best upgrading strategies for the optimum quality of biofuels. This paper serves as a one-stop center for EFB conversion into biofuels.

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Section: Types Of Reactorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review on Biofuels from Oil Palm Empty Bunch (EFB): Current Status, Potential, Barriers and Way Forward

2021

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“…One of the advantages of the hydrothermal carbonization process is the ability to obtain a carbon product of the required quality. According to literary sources [47] low quality coals, in particular brown coal, achieved the highest conversion during thermal dissolution in a hydrogen donor solvent, in comparison with high quality coals. From Table 1, it follows that the obtained biochar has very similar characteristics with brown coals, which also can be seen in the van Krevelen diagram (Figure 1).…”

Section: Biochar and Its Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Catalytic Dissolution of Biochar Obtained by Hydrothermal Carbonization of Sawdust in Hydrogen Donor Solvent

et al. 2021

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The production of fuel hydrocarbons from CO2-neutral raw materials is a promising task at present. The thermal dissolution of biochar obtained by the method of hydrothermal carbonization of sawdust was studied. The dissolution of biochar in tetralin (hydrogen donor solvent) was studied at different temperatures (350–450 °C) and with two types of dilution of the mixture with tetralin: 1/3 and 1/4. The process proceeded without a catalyst. It was found that the samples subjected to thermal dissolution at temperatures of 425–450 °C had the highest conversion and yield of liquid products. The reaction temperature also had a significant effect on the composition of liquid products. It was found that an increase in the reaction temperature led to a significant increase in benzenes, both in the direct and in the hexane fraction. A benzene yield of more than 50% was observed for both fractions at a temperature of 450 °C. It was also suggested that the possible positive effect of abietates on the homogenization of the reaction mixture contributed to high conversion in the process. The biochar/tetralin ratio effects the yield and composition of the liquid products as well. An increase in the tetralin concentration in the mixture during thermal dissolution led to an increase in the conversion and yield of hydrocarbon fractions for fuel purposes. This is undoubtedly due to the large amount of elemental hydrogen involved in the hydrogenation of the reaction mixture.

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“…These results imply that biomass having high lignin content may yield more bio-oil than reported in the literature. The other thermochemical liquefaction approach using EFB is catalysis by Fe 3 O 4 or H 2 in the presence of sub-and supercritical tetralin yielding 91.8%, and 97.1% conversion at 400°C, respectively (Koriakin et al, 2017). The n-Dodecane as solvent produced >77% conversion but at >10 MPa pressure using the same catalytic approach.…”

Section: Biomass and Bioenergymentioning

confidence: 99%

OIL PALM ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IN MALAYSIA AND R&D PROGRESS IN 2017 – Review Article

Kushairi¹

2018

JOPR

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Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) has emerged as a major economic crop feeding the world today. This article aims to capture the more recent progress made by the oil palm industry and to discuss the possible path research and development will take in the coming years. In 2017, palm oil and palm kernel oil production recorded close to one-third (75.17 million tonnes) of world total oils and fats production from a planted area of 19.04 million hectares, mainly from Indonesia and Malaysia. Malaysian palm oil alone fetched RM 46.12 billion export revenue from its India and European Union markets. The continuous growth of the industry is made possible through implementation of key strategies covering the whole process chain, from upstream to downstream. Intensified mechanisation, integrated pest and Ganoderma management, advanced breeding and biotechnology as well as good agricultural practices help boost oil palm yields for both plantations and smallholdings. In the palm oil milling sector, focus such as by-products valorisation, biogas (productivity, trapping and utilisation as a form of energy) and wastewater management, i.e. palm oil mill effluent for final discharge compliance ensures that the industry meets its sustainable goals. Palm oil is generally used for edible purpose, however about 20% goes into higher value non-food applications such as palm biodiesel.The beneficial nutritional aspects of palm oil are evident based on its positional distribution and fatty acids composition, while its quality enhanced via technology integration/mitigation and analytical elucidations.Facing strong competition from petrochemicals, palm-based oleochemicals are strategically aimed at producing value-added products for niche and new markets. It is apparent that synergising conventional and disruptive technologies at every level of the palm oil supply chain is desirable and essential to thrust the industry forward. As a commodity, palm oil has not only emerged as an important food source, but has proven to be effectively utilised for feed, fuels and chemicals, to name a few, in developing a sustainable and balanced circular economy.

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Liquefaction of oil palm empty fruit bunch using sub- and supercritical tetralin, n-dodecane, and their mixture

Cited by 20 publications

References 49 publications

A Comprehensive Review on Biofuels from Oil Palm Empty Bunch (EFB): Current Status, Potential, Barriers and Way Forward

A Comprehensive Review on Biofuels from Oil Palm Empty Bunch (EFB): Current Status, Potential, Barriers and Way Forward

Non-Catalytic Dissolution of Biochar Obtained by Hydrothermal Carbonization of Sawdust in Hydrogen Donor Solvent

OIL PALM ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IN MALAYSIA AND R&D PROGRESS IN 2017 – Review Article

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