Liquefaction of wheat straw and preparation of rigid polyurethane foam from the liquefaction products

Chen, Fangeng; Lu, Zuliang

doi:10.1002/app.29107

Cited by 191 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Several attempts have been made to use liquefied wood , sugar cane bagasse (Hakim et al 2011), and wheat straw (Chen and Lu 2009), as well as corn bran, stover, and stalks (Lee et al 2000;Wang et al 2008;Yan et al 2008), to produce polyurethane foams. Recently, liquefied cork has been used for the production of polyurethane foams, although the investigations did not report the liquefaction yields nor the amount of suberin that had been dissolved (Gama et al 2015).…”

Section: Polyurethane Foamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cork Liquefaction for Polyurethane Foam Production

et al. 2017

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aCork is one of the most important forest products in Portugal. The cork processing industry is highly resource-efficient, and the only residue is cork powder, which is too small for agglomerate production. This work studied the usage of cork powder for the production of added-value products via polyol liquefaction. Liquefactions were performed in a reactor using a mixture of polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) and glycerol as solvents, which were catalyzed by the addition of sulphuric acid. Several cork-tosolvent ratios, reaction temperatures, and reaction times were tested. Polyurethane foams were prepared by combining polyol mixtures with a catalyst, surfactant, blowing agent, and polymeric isocyanate. Mechanical tests of the produced foams were conducted, and compressive modulus of elasticity and compressive stress at 10% deformation were determined. The results show that the best conditions for obtaining high liquefaction yields are as follows: 160 °C for 1 h; glycerol-to-PEG 400 ratio of 1:9; corkto-solvent ratio of 1:6; and 3% H2SO4 catalyst addition. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated that the lignocellulosic fractions of the cork were more selectively dissolved during acidified polyol liquefaction than the suberin. With liquefied cork powder using these optimized conditions, it is possible to produce polyurethane foams with desired properties.

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Section: Polyurethane Foamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cork Liquefaction for Polyurethane Foam Production

et al. 2017

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“…From a cost-saving viewpoint, it is better to directly use the liquefaction products without removing solid residue because it saves a separation process. Currently, a considerable amount of biomass has been liquefied to prepare bio-based PU foams, such as wheat straw (Chen and Lu 2009), cornstalk (Yan et al 2008), sugar cane bagasse (Hakim et al 2011), waste paper (Lee et al 2002), rape straw (Huang et al 2018), wood (Cheumani-Yona et al 2014), and lignin (Xue et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Stability Analysis of Polyurethane Foams Made from Microwave Liquefaction Bio-Polyols with and Without Solid Residue

Huang¹,

Hoop²,

Peng³

et al. 2018

BioResources

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The thermal stabilities of bio-based polyurethane (PU) foams made from liquefaction bio-polyols with and without solid residue were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). Yaupon holly (Ilex vomitoria) was subjected to microwave liquefaction at different reaction temperatures to characterize the variations of bio-polyol and solid residue with temperature. The results indicated that the solid residue decreased when the temperature increased from 120 °C to 160 °C, while it increased slightly when further increasing temperature to 200 °C. The hydroxyl number decreased with increased reaction temperature. The TGA of PU foams demonstrated that the use of liquefaction bio-polyol with and without solid residue to produce PU foam increased the thermal stability of biofoams as compared with petro-based foam. Moreover, the presence of solid residue in bio-polyol enhanced the thermal stability of biofoams. The FTIR analysis of PU foams suggested that the solid residue had a negative effect on the formation of urethane bonds.

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“…The achieved biopolyols by liquefaction have high hydroxyl functionalities and great promising properties in the production of PU foams [6]. A large variety of lignocellulosic biomass such as bamboo [7], wheat straw [8], and soybean straw [9] has been liquefied into liquid polyols for the preparation of PU foams. Instead of converting lignocellulosic biomass into biopolyols as a core reactant in the synthesis of foams, other researchers directly added bioderived materials such as wood pulp fiber [10] and nanoparticle lignin [11] into matrix materials as reinforcing filler in the biofoams.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Biobased Polyurethane Foams Employing Lignin Fractionated from Microwave Liquefied Switchgrass

Huang

Hoop

Xie

et al. 2017

International Journal of Polymer Science

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Lignin samples fractionated from microwave liquefied switchgrass were applied in the preparation of semirigid polyurethane (PU) foams without purification. The objective of this study was to elucidate the influence of lignin in the PU matrix on the morphological, chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the PU foams. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that lignin with 5 and 10% content in the PU foams did not influence the cell shape and size. The foam cell size became larger by increasing the lignin content to 15%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that chemical interactions occurred between the lignin hydroxyl and isocyanate revealing that lignin was well dispersed in the matrix materials. The apparent density of the foam with 10% lignin increased by 14.2% compared to the control, while the foam with 15% lignin had a decreased apparent density. The effect of lignin content on the mechanical properties was similar to that on apparent density. The lignin containing foams were much more thermally stable than the control foam as evidenced by having higher initial decomposition temperature and maximum decomposition rate temperature from the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) profiles.

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Liquefaction of wheat straw and preparation of rigid polyurethane foam from the liquefaction products

Cited by 191 publications

References 18 publications

Cork Liquefaction for Polyurethane Foam Production

Cork Liquefaction for Polyurethane Foam Production

Thermal Stability Analysis of Polyurethane Foams Made from Microwave Liquefaction Bio-Polyols with and Without Solid Residue

Characterization of Biobased Polyurethane Foams Employing Lignin Fractionated from Microwave Liquefied Switchgrass

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