2016
DOI: 10.1149/ma2016-03/2/1089
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Liquefied Gas Electrolytes for Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices

Abstract: Illustration of the electrolytic conductivity and pressure with temperature of the studied liquefied gas electrolytes. The electrolyte solvent is liquefied from a gaseous state under pressure. Exceptionally high electrolytic conductivities are observed at low temperatures. Further, a sharp drop in conductivity occurs as the salt precipitates near the supercritical temperature, which allows for a reversible shutdown mechanism to mitigate battery thermal runaway.

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Cited by 13 publications
(19 citation statements)
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References 9 publications
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“…FM (featured in Figure 2d) is a key component of a recently proposed liquefied gas electrolyte particularly useful at low temperatures. 13,14 In Figure 2, PCbased and EC-based electrolytes are found to exhibit discharge plateaus higher in voltage than FM-based electrolyte by 0.1− 0.3 V. Our DFT predictions are that i is higher for EC than FM, by 2.90 V vs 2.49 V (Figure 3a and b). This difference is only slightly higher than the experimental difference, but it is significantly less than the relative gas phase binding energy; we find that an EC binds to a single Li + more favorably than FM to Li + , by 1.09 V eV.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 73%
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“…FM (featured in Figure 2d) is a key component of a recently proposed liquefied gas electrolyte particularly useful at low temperatures. 13,14 In Figure 2, PCbased and EC-based electrolytes are found to exhibit discharge plateaus higher in voltage than FM-based electrolyte by 0.1− 0.3 V. Our DFT predictions are that i is higher for EC than FM, by 2.90 V vs 2.49 V (Figure 3a and b). This difference is only slightly higher than the experimental difference, but it is significantly less than the relative gas phase binding energy; we find that an EC binds to a single Li + more favorably than FM to Li + , by 1.09 V eV.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 73%
“…Li/CF x batteries discharge at a plateau voltage of < ∼2.5 V at rates of 0.05 C or less (Figure a,c,d). The observed voltage variation is a small fraction of a volt when using different carbon precursor materials, or electrolytesincluding both organic solvents, , solid electrolytes, and liquified gas electrolytes (Figure d). , Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) measurements, which should circumvent most kinetic limitations, have reported CF x discharge voltages below 3.1 V (Figure b) . CF x materials with more “ionic” C–F bonds, synthesized at x values substantially lower than unity, are reported to yield slightly higher voltage plateaus and higher discharge rates at the expense of lower overall capacities. Disordered/nanoscale carbon precurors also yield a rate capability improvement. , Unlike Li/CF x , Na/CF x batteries have been demonstrated to be rechargeable. …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Green energy, such as wind, solar energy, and so on, is intermittent as the weather changes, and an energy storage device is required for its storage. Electrochemical energy storage devices, which have a wide operating range, high power and energy density, and high conversion efficiency, are widely used in electric vehicles, electronic products, and energy storage power grids 11–18 . There has been considerable development of lithium‐ion batteries since their commercialization in 1991, and they have an important place in the market in the energy storage field 19 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Electrochemical energy storage devices, which have a wide operating range, high power and energy density, and high conversion efficiency, are widely used in electric vehicles, electronic products, and energy storage power grids. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] There has been considerable development of lithium-ion batteries since their commercialization in 1991, and they have an important place in the market in the energy storage field. 19 Although lithium-ion batteries have been used in various energy storage fields for nearly 30 years, the shortage of lithium resources and safety factors restrict their further large-scale commercialization.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For further verification, the O-1s spectra could be deconvoluted into three different peaks, that is, lattice oxygen in NCM at 529.2 eV, Zr–O at 529.7 eV (assigned to the coating layer), and other surface oxygen species (e.g., Li 2 CO 3 ) at 531.4 eV (Figure S2a). The atomic percentage of Zr–O decreased as annealing temperature rose, which also indicates the transformation of Zr surface coating to doping.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 98%